Congo: All the Creeps Are Cheering

Sunday, November 17th, 2013

The War Nerd sees a confederacy of evil do-gooders cheering against the Tutsi:

It’s quite a spectacle. And just like you’d expect, where there are virtuous dupes cheering for something horrible, there’s dirty money behind it, very big money. This money has created a nasty alliance between old-school mineral exploiters, the Congolese kleptocracy, and a chorus of NGO do-gooders who like their Africans helpless, chaotic and needy. The Tutsi threaten the interests of all these groups by being Africa’s Prussians: Tall, snooty, efficient and soldierly.

The Tutsi came very close to carving out their own empire in Eastern Congo and the Lakes in the mid-1990s, and the world community suddenly got very concerned. The last thing anyone in the mineral business, the great powers, or the NGOs wanted was a self-sufficient Tutsi state. The cohesion and efficiency of the Tutsi, a classic militarized ethnic group, made them a threat to the lucrative chaos of Congo, where there is no dominant tribe. Nobody’s quite sure how many different ethnic groups are trying to scratch a living from the Congo basin, but the estimates start at 400 and go as high as 700. Most ethnic maps of Africa show you the dominant tribe pretty quickly, but the Congo ethnic map is just a bunch of small blobs.

The only stable empires that ever grew up in this wet, overgrown river basin were on the edges—the Lunda and Luba in the southern highlands, and the BaKongo near the coast. The rest is an ultra-Balkanized chaos of little ethnic enclaves. The only common languages are French, borrowed from the Belgians who messed the place up (i.e., slaughtered up to 10 million Natives), and a new one, Lingala, a trade language along the river.

Eastern Congo, where the fighting’s been going on, has nothing in common with this Balkanized rainforest. This is the part of the country that butts up against Rwanda and Burundi, two small countries where there are only two tribes, Tutsi and Hutu (the T’wa, the pygmies, the original and by far the nicest inhabitants of the area, don’t count unfortunately, having been reduced to the status of slaves or, occasionally, food). Both the Hutu and Tutsi are highly organized, efficient and at each other’s throats.

Both have given very recent displays of combat power—the Hutu when they grabbed their pangas and started chopping their Tutsi neighbors to death in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, and the Tutsi when a small force of Rwandan Tutsi militia marched in, stormed the capital, Kigali, and stopped the genocide.

That’s when things began to go weird. No one was particularly pleased to see the Tutsi RPF retake Kigali. No one in the world press had much pity for the 800,000 Tutsi hacked to death or burned in their houses and churches. When they reconquered Rwanda, the Tutsi didn’t massacre their Hutu neighbors, though everyone expected them to. I can’t think of a single ethnic group in the world that would show that kind of restraint and discipline. I wouldn’t; I couldn’t. You fight your way back home and find your whole family hacked to death with machetes and you don’t take revenge on the people who did it? That’s the kind of conduct that really deserves a Nobel Peace Prize. None was forthcoming, of course. The UN and assorted do-gooders had somehow decided that it was the Hutu genocidaires, the FDLR, who’d been too cowardly to fight the small Tutsi army, who deserved to be pitied.

The FDLR understood how to win over the do-gooders: You win by putting your people in misery, not by standing up for yourselves. Leftist victim-rhetoric has a lot to answer for in the pro-Hutu tilt of European opinion. In fact, Europeans raised on victim-rhetoric, like Georges Ruggiu, actually served as mouthpieces for the genocide while it was happening. So the Hutu militias turned their guns on their own people and led a forced migration, out of Rwanda into Kivu in Eastern Congo. The kleptocratic government of Congo went into alliance with the Hutu genocidaires, supplying them with all the materiel they needed to attack the Tutsi in Rwanda, and Tutsi refugees inside Congo. The Hutu militias started hit-and-run massacres inside Rwanda, and the RPF went into Congo to root them out in 1996. Again the Tutsi won on the battlefield and lost in the press and the boardrooms. They were forced out of power in Congo, designated as the one and only bad guy in Kivu, and finally, just this week, crushed by the first effective UN combat force since Korea.

How Monarchy Came To Be

Sunday, November 17th, 2013

It’s not hard to see how monarchy came to be, Spandrell suggests:

Lands are conquered through war. Armies need a commander, so when an army conquers a piece of land, the commander becomes king. He rules and collects taxes which he funnels to his war brothers, who become noblemen.

Then the king dies. What happens? Well different peoples had different systems to arrange for succession for a ruler. What would happen in most armies when the commander dies, is that the generals will get together and choose one of them as the successor, if the king didn’t arrange for it himself. And that evolved into elective monarchy. Problem is it’s hard to get people to agree to choose one king. The stakes are too damn high. So what you got was all the contenders gathering their armies in anticipation of the king’s death, and total war among the elite every 10 years or so.

The solution which was most widely adopted was that of hereditary succession. The metaphor for the kingship changed, from that of commander of an army, to that of owner of property. Since time immemorial property of all kind has been inherited in the family; in patriarchal societies it would be inherited by the sons. And so most kingdoms eventually adopted the system of hereditary succession. The king dies, the son takes over.

What if there’s more than one son? Well, the inheritance of property itself has two sorts of arrangements. To this day, some people divide their inheritance more or less equally onto their sons. And some give the whole estate to the eldest son, and screw the others. There are pros and cons to both approaches. Partible inheritance tends to break up the estates, which become ever smaller and smaller, and eventually not very profitable, which is bad for the family name, and makes them prone to be bought up or taken by richer, stronger people with bigger estates. Primogeniture ensures the estate doesn’t shrink, and with it the family honor. But it creates a huge incentive for the younger brothers to kill the eldest.

Partible inheritance was popular in medieval Europe. But it eventually disappeared, for obvious reasons. If there’s only one guy who doesn’t do it, and keeps his big estate, he’ll be able to field a larger army and take the small estates that your oh so egalitarian father left you. And so we see that on most of the world, primogeniture monarchy ended being the most widely adopted system.

The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces

Saturday, November 16th, 2013

William H. Whyte’s The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces provides a classic look at how people behave in public spaces:

Howard Schatz’s Athlete

Friday, November 15th, 2013

Howard Schatz’s Athlete could be considered an ode to human biodiversity:

A new book of photographs of 125 champion athletes. In such uniquely visionary books as Water Dance, Pool Light, Passion and Line, and Nude Body Nude, Howard Schatz has established himself as one of the great photographers of the human form.

Howard Schatz Athletes 070-000

Working primarily with dancers, Schatz has been particularly attracted to form shaped by function. Now, in Athlete, he reaches the zenith of his photographic paean to the human body, creating an astonishing record of the specialized forms both adapted to the wide spectrum of sport and shaped by fiercely focused effort.

Howard Schatz Athletes 070-001

His subjects, as varied and meticulously documented as Audubon’s birds, literally embody the astonishing array of physical perfection required for their particular sports. With a seamless blend of art and precision, Schatz shows us the awesome upper-body power of Olympic wrestling champions, discus throwers, and football players; the lissome graces of high jumpers and rhythmic gymnasts, the shock-absorbing legs of downhill skiers, the sculptural perfection of NFL wide receiver Terrell Owens and sprinter Shawn Crawford; the compact muscularity of gymnasts Tasha Schwikert and Sean Townsend; the Giacometti-like slenderness of marathoners Tegla Loroupe and American marathon champion Deena Drossin; as well as 125 other athletes at the top of their games.

Howard Schatz Athletes 070-002

In serene portraits and intricately dissected motion photographs, Schatz gives us an unprecedented celebration of the body as divine machine, and manages at the same time to present a collective view of the human spirit at its most intense.

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Many of the athletes look surprisingly unathletic, because athleticism isn’t a single trait. Each athlete is a specialist in an esoteric physical task.

Drop Tank Canoes

Friday, November 15th, 2013

During the Vietnam War, US fighter-bombers didn’t just drop bombs. They also dropped several thousand drop tanks:

McDonnell_F-4Bs_dropping_bombs_1971

What happened to them? Well, some of them became canoes:

Drop Tank Canoe 1

Drop Tank Canoe 2

(Hat tip to our Slovenian Guest.)

Stravacide

Friday, November 15th, 2013

Strava allows runners and cyclists to share, compare, and compete using their GPS data. This kind of gamification can be a powerful motivator — too powerful for some people:

“Downhills are the easiest way to get high up on Strava. You don’t need a lot of fitness, so you can leapfrog the process. Basically, it’s a game of chicken.”

Naturally, it’s Strava’s fault when riders kills themselves — or random pedestrians — while racing down busy “segments” defined by other users.

Christmas Jerseys With Sleeves

Thursday, November 14th, 2013

LA Clippers Jersey with SleevesSports fans want to wear authentic team jerseys, but they don’t want to wear tank tops, so 10 NBA teams will be wearing Christmas jerseys with sleeves. Adidas is making fan versions for those teams and five others in the league for $110.

A Founder of Twitter Goes Long

Thursday, November 14th, 2013

Evan Williams, one of Twitter’s co-founders, has recently co-founded Medium, which is dedicated to (slightly) longer-form posts:

Broadly speaking, Medium is a blogging platform, meaning it’s a place for people to write and read posts. And Mr. Williams, as its C.E.O., hopes that it will allow thoughtful, longer-form writing to flourish. Mr. Williams frankly acknowledges that the medium of Medium is not new. In fact, he says he’s reaching back to the once-du jour notion of blogging because, in the frenzy to build social communications tools, something has been left behind: rationality.

“In the early days, I bought into the idea that the Internet would lead to a better world, that the truth was out there and that we didn’t need gatekeepers,” he said. The idea that he and many others embraced was that an unfiltered Internet would create a democratic information utopia. “Now,” he continued, “I think it’s more complicated than that.”

Medium is Mr. Williams’s version of a gatekeeper, albeit one that relies heavily on technology rather than human expertise or taste. While it has some editors soliciting and promoting some content, the bigger idea is to use algorithms to help identify blog posts that readers consider valuable and to bubble them to the surface.

He’s carrying out ideas he toyed with in his first big commercial venture, which was called, simply, Blogger. He sold that to Google a decade ago, begetting his first millions. Now, he is joining the mini-movement to celebrate long-form expression at sites and apps like Longform, Longreads and the Verge. The oddity is that Mr. Williams helped found Twitter, which is to long form what snacks are to dinner: sometimes a prelude, often an appetite killer.

The short-burst culture has eaten away at the very definition of “long form.” Many articles in Medium, for instance, are hundreds of characters longer than a tweet but tens of thousands fewer than something you’d find in, say, The New Yorker.

And some see little evidence that people want to consume anything that takes much time. “I see a diminishing audience for long form of anything,” said James Katz, director of the division of emerging media studies at Boston University. “The riptide of society is heading the other direction.”

For his part, Mr. Williams said he was disturbed by the swelling cacophony of information that makes it easy to be overwhelmed and hard to know what to trust. Good information, he said, can lose out, and, as he described his new mission, “I want to give rationality a fighting chance.”

“I’m an eternal optimist,” Mr. Williams told me over lunch last week, wearing skinny jeans and long-sleeve black T-shirt. “But I’m a more realistic optimist than I used to be.”

He traced the evolution of his thinking by describing an “epiphany that bothered” him this year. In preparing a speech, he revisited his career’s early days. The exercise made him realize that the Internet wasn’t changing the world as he had once idealized, but that, far less romantically, it had come to be little more than a “convenience.”

The common people know what they want and deserve to get it good and hard.

Solomon Northup

Thursday, November 14th, 2013

Steve Sailer pokes some fun at Oscar frontrunner 12 Years a Slave, which is “built upon a fourth-rate screenplay that might have embarrassed Horatio Alger” and features “depressingly bad” Victorian dialogue “reminiscent of the sub-Shakespearean lines John Wayne had to deliver as Genghis Khan in The Conqueror“:

12 Years a Slave is hailed by critics as a long-awaited breakthrough that finally dares to mention the subject of slavery after decades of the entertainment industry being controlled by the South. Yet as cinema encyclopedist Leonard Maltin notes:

12 Years a Slave is a remake. What’s more, the original television film was directed by the celebrated Gordon Parks. Why no one seems to remember this is a mystery to me, yet all too typical of what I’ll call media amnesia. It first aired on PBS in 1984 as Solomon Northup’s Odyssey, reached a wider audience the following year when it was repeated as an installment of American Playhouse, and made its video debut under the title Half Slave, Half Free.

Sailer finds the film’s opening preposterous:

12 Years a Slave opens in 1841 with Solomon Northup (stolidly played by the Anglo-Nigerian actor Chiwetel Ejiofor) being effusively admired by his white neighbors in Saratoga, New York. Northup is a model of prosperous bourgeois respectability, always doffing his top hat to his white peers while out riding with his wife and children in an elegant carriage. (Watch 0:24 to 0:35 in the trailer.)

How could he afford that?

Well, actually, he didn’t and couldn’t.

A glance at Northup’s ghostwritten 1853 memoir makes clear that in 1841, rather than being a pillar of this Yankee community, he was an unemployed fiddler dragged down by his own “shiftlessness”:

Though always in comfortable circumstances, we had not prospered. The society and associations at that world-renowned watering place (Saratoga, the home of American horseracing), were not calculated to preserve the simple habits of industry and economy to which I had been accustomed, but, on the contrary, to substitute others in their stead, tending to shiftlessness and extravagance.

In McQueen’s often baffling movie, this upper-middle-class family man suddenly decides to run off to join the circus with two fast-talking white men without even leaving a note for his wife. While dining in an elegant Washington, DC restaurant with his new friends, he suddenly takes ill (perhaps from being slipped a Mickey Finn) and wakes up in chains.

Paradoxically, Northup’s life in slavery is better documented than his murky life in freedom. His poor family never reported or even guessed that he’d been kidnapped. They apparently assumed that vanishing was just the kind of thing he’d do.

Northup’s hometown newspaper suggested that he had been an accomplice in a skin game scam gone awry:

…it is more than suspected that Sol Northup was an accomplice in the sale, calculating to slip away and share the spoils, but that the purchaser was too sharp for him, and instead of getting the cash, he got something else.

Davis of Afghanistan

Thursday, November 14th, 2013

Captain Davis of the Royal Marines has been awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross and dubbed the new Lawrence of Arabia for his work alongside Afghan allies:

He said: ‘So long as I was providing intelligence I could just get on with it.

‘My job was to go into areas where we didn’t have a lot of knowledge, to speak to the villagers and to train the local police officers.

‘In these areas allegiances could change in a moment, everyone knew somebody in the Taliban. I would lead these Afghan elements in engagements against the insurgents.’

He added: ‘Sharing a bed with the Afghans wasn’t the done thing, nobody else was doing that. I suppose I went a bit bush, especially with the really horrible beard.

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‘I got accustomed to the title “Toran” too, which means captain in Pashto.

‘Fluency in Pashto was really important as I would have lost a lot of the wit and banter without that.

‘We were getting attacked by the Taliban every day. Then in the evening we’d prepare food together and recite poetry.

‘The Pashtuns have a history of great poets. We’d listen to this verse, which is often set to dreadful disco beats, until about midnight then fall asleep together on mattresses or these wicker beds outside, gazing at the stars.

‘We’d tell jokes too. They had a good sense of humour, a lot of slapstick. If somebody fell over they’d burst out laughing.

‘They loved cricket and being fairly ignorant about it I had to learn fast. We’d play together.

‘Family matters were also very important, so I’d always ask about their parents and children.

‘These were young guys from the villages, eager to do their bit and after a month or two together I did trust them.

‘Had there been any insurgents among them I’m sure those ALP I was closest to would have protected me.’

Davis’s friendships with his Afghans were tested to the extreme on June 13 last year when the ALP joined soldiers from the Grenadier Guards on an operation to capture a Taliban sniper — a mission which cost the life of Lance Corporal James Ashworth, who was later awarded the VC.

Davis recalled: ‘Me and the Afghans knew there was enemy inside the compound so we pushed in.

‘The guy with me was cut down pretty much straight away, killed after taking a burst of 15 to 20 rounds. He was touching distance from me.

‘As I moved forward to drag him out a grenade rolled around the corner. I jumped over a wall, landing upside down in a ditch. The guy who died was in his late 20s and was someone I was very close to. So I was really, really sad. Losing a close colleague is the worst feeling in the world.’

On a follow-up assault, L/Cpl Ashworth was killed trying to post a grenade through the window of a Taliban mud hut.

Davis cleared the remaining enemy from the building and rescued another British casualty.

Davis, who stands 6ft 4in and weighs 15 stone, joined the Marines after a serious back injury shattered his dreams of winning Olympic rowing glory in Beijing.

Now he is leaving the Marines to retrain as a doctor, and is hoping to work with medical charities in Africa. But Afghanistan will forever be in his heart.

Owen Davis in UK

Trust, But Verify

Wednesday, November 13th, 2013

A simple idea underpins science — trust, but verify:

A rule of thumb among biotechnology venture-capitalists is that half of published research cannot be replicated. Even that may be optimistic. Last year researchers at one biotech firm, Amgen, found they could reproduce just six of 53 “landmark” studies in cancer research. Earlier, a group at Bayer, a drug company, managed to repeat just a quarter of 67 similarly important papers. A leading computer scientist frets that three-quarters of papers in his subfield are bunk. In 2000-10 roughly 80,000 patients took part in clinical trials based on research that was later retracted because of mistakes or improprieties.

[...]

In the 1950s, when modern academic research took shape after its successes in the second world war, it was still a rarefied pastime. The entire club of scientists numbered a few hundred thousand. As their ranks have swelled, to 6m-7m active researchers on the latest reckoning, scientists have lost their taste for self-policing and quality control. The obligation to “publish or perish” has come to rule over academic life. Competition for jobs is cut-throat. Full professors in America earned on average $135,000 in 2012—more than judges did. Every year six freshly minted PhDs vie for every academic post. Nowadays verification (the replication of other people’s results) does little to advance a researcher’s career. And without verification, dubious findings live on to mislead.

Careerism also encourages exaggeration and the cherry-picking of results. In order to safeguard their exclusivity, the leading journals impose high rejection rates: in excess of 90% of submitted manuscripts. The most striking findings have the greatest chance of making it onto the page. Little wonder that one in three researchers knows of a colleague who has pepped up a paper by, say, excluding inconvenient data from results “based on a gut feeling”. And as more research teams around the world work on a problem, the odds shorten that at least one will fall prey to an honest confusion between the sweet signal of a genuine discovery and a freak of the statistical noise. Such spurious correlations are often recorded in journals eager for startling papers. If they touch on drinking wine, going senile or letting children play video games, they may well command the front pages of newspapers, too.

Conversely, failures to prove a hypothesis are rarely even offered for publication, let alone accepted. “Negative results” now account for only 14% of published papers, down from 30% in 1990. Yet knowing what is false is as important to science as knowing what is true. The failure to report failures means that researchers waste money and effort exploring blind alleys already investigated by other scientists.

The hallowed process of peer review is not all it is cracked up to be, either. When a prominent medical journal ran research past other experts in the field, it found that most of the reviewers failed to spot mistakes it had deliberately inserted into papers, even after being told they were being tested.

The emergent nature of the NFL locker room

Wednesday, November 13th, 2013

The culture of the NFL locker room is emergent, Russ Roberts argues:

Yes, the coach has some control over it. But the control is limited. These are large men who once a week make a living in a violent often unpleasant way. To be outraged over bullying in this environment is to misunderstand the world these people live in. It’s a tough world. It’s not like my world or your world. It’s a painful world. It’s a world where every player plays hurt. Linemen in particular play with broken bones. There is plenty of ego at the New York Times and ESPN and I’m sure newcomers there can be intimidated and even treated cruelly. But probably not like the NFL. It’s probably worse in the NFL for lots of people. But there’s a reason for it. And it’s not something you can “fix” with some new rules or regulations or an investigation.

The culture of an NFL locker room emerges from the bottom up and not the top down. It emerges because of what’s at stake every Sunday — the money and the pride and the glory — and it emerges from the people who are able to play through pain knowing that they may have trouble walking when they’re forty. They’re not normal. They are surely not physically normal. But they are probably not emotionally normal either. They cope with the challenges of their work environment by creating a very tight knit camaraderie of social interaction that you and I can’t begin to understand. How can you judge those men? If you don’t like the heat, you don’t have to work in the kitchen. Jonathan Martin has left the kitchen. I don’t blame in. I would, too.

The other part that’s strange about the outrage is that if you’re going to be outraged about the NFL, be outraged by the violence and the pain and the concussions and the possible brain damage and the shame and humiliation of failure that is witnessed by millions ever week. But bullying is the thing that has to stop? Because it’s a workplace? Ashley Fox is probably right — the laws of the workplace probably do apply to the NFL. But I can’t imagine how you enforce those rules. And what she misses and what Rhoden misses is that most of the men who work in that workplace like it the way it is. The men who play know that they are elite and rare. They are part of a community we can’t begin to understand. How do you understand grown men who try to hurt each other for three hours on a Sunday afternoon embracing each other when it’s over?

It’s not for everyone. It looks like it’s not for Jonathan Martin. But I have trouble condemning Richie Incognito when his own teammates come to his defense. That should tell everyone that something more complicated is going on here than one worker harassing another.

One commenter brought up Terry Tate, Office Linebacker:

The Gap Between Schooling and Education

Wednesday, November 13th, 2013

There’s an enormous gap between schooling and education, Lant Pritchett has found:

“The vast majority of countries will meet the Millennium Development Goal target for universal primary school completion, and very few countries will miss it by much,” he writes in his new book, “The Rebirth of Education: From 19th Century Schooling to 21st Century Learning.”

The change has been so rapid that the average Haitian or Bangladeshi in 2010 had more years of schooling than the average French or Italian person did in 1960. (That data looks at average years of schooling for people 15 and older, by the way.) Even repressive and nondemocratic countries have seen tremendous gains. “Good governments do schooling, but nearly all bad governments do it, too,” Mr. Pritchett writes.

But that does not mean that all that schooling has translated into much education, he says. For instance, in the state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India, less than half of surveyed children in fifth grade could read a story intended for second graders. About one in six students in fifth grade recognized letters but could not read words.

A lot of “solutions” are productive, but only with a limited scope:

There’s literally thousands of studies on this. Let’s say you’re attending a school with no roof. You learn less, and once you have a roof, you might learn more, but it’s done. That’s it. If someone gives you a better roof, or a thicker roof, or two roofs, you’re not better off — those inputs don’t add up.

Second, a lot of teachers don’t know what to teach or how to teach it, and a lot of those teachers are not embedded in performance-oriented schools. So, two of those teachers aren’t going to make a difference. That’s why we have really good experimental evidence that smaller class sizes work really well in places like Israel and Tennessee. But we also have really good experimental evidence that smaller class sizes, or an additional teacher, don’t make a difference in India and Kenya. That’s not that surprising, actually: The system isn’t committed to learning anyway. You’re just pouring more water into leaking bucket. That’s not going to fill the bucket.

So, we’ve seen massive improvement in what we can think of as the “input” side of education in the last decade. Class size is coming down, the number of schools is going up. But in India in the past six years, for instance, the inputs are getting better but the outputs are not. And in some places, the trend is actually zero or negative. That’s not to say I have anything against inputs!

So, these things work in Israel and Tennessee, but not in India and Kenya. Hmm… must be teacher quality.

Manfred Rommel Dies

Tuesday, November 12th, 2013

Manfred Rommel, son of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, has died at age 84, in Stuttgart, where he served as mayor:

As mayor, Mr. Rommel angered his constituents in 1977 by allowing convicted terrorists to be eulogized and buried in the municipal cemetery. He said he wanted “to show how, with a little generosity of spirit, enmity ends with death.”

During his tenure, from 1974 to 1996, Mr. Rommel tightened control over city finances and reduced debts, while expanding public transport and building a new arena and convention center. In 1982, The New York Times called him “the rising political figure with the best chance of becoming national leader.”

But he turned down opportunities to run for state or federal office in favor of the municipal politics he said he liked best. “I’m not ambitious,” he said. “It’s an unbearable burden to be chancellor,” his country’s highest office.

He continued, “Federal officials in this country have an aversion to outsiders, and they’re only interested in them for help if they’re in mud up to their ears.”

Part of his political appeal was his last name. Many Germans felt pride in his father’s brilliant generalship, while also remembering his humanity in an inhuman situation. Field Marshal Rommel ignored orders to kill Jewish soldiers, civilians and captured commandos, and was not accused of war crimes. He angered Hitler by urging a negotiated surrender on the Western Front.

Manfred’s response to the Nazi horror was to emphasize the unity of Europe rather than German patriotism. “German history is too much for us,” he said in an interview with The Times.

“The shadow is too great,” he continued. “I belong to the generation of burned children, and I am not so sure about our capabilities. My father once said during the war, ‘The best thing would be to live as a British dominion now that we’ve shown we can’t manage our own affairs.’ He was being sarcastic, of course.”

Manfred Rommel was born in Stuttgart on Dec. 24, 1928. He was only 14 when he was drafted by the Luftwaffe as an antiaircraft gunner. When his father killed himself, he deserted and surrendered to French forces.

After his release from captivity, he studied law and political science at Tübingen University, then went to work for the state government of Baden-Württemberg, of which Stuttgart is the capital. He became deputy finance minister of the state.

The Fallacy at the Heart of All Education Reform

Tuesday, November 12th, 2013

Schools are stuck with the outcome of two different waves of political reform, the Education Realist notes — first, the progressive mandates to enforce surface “equality”, then the conservative mandates to make the surface equality a reality, which they knew was impossible but would break the unions:

From the schools’ point of view, all these mandates, progressive or “reform” are alike in one key sense: they are bent on imposing political and ideological mandates that haven’t the slightest link to educational validity.

No one has ever made an effective case that non-native speakers can be educated as well as native speakers, regardless of the method used. No one has ever established that integration, racial or economic, improves educational outcomes. No one has ever demonstrated that blacks or Hispanics can achieve at the same average level as whites (or that whites can achieve at the same level as Asians, although no one gets worked up about that gap), nor has anyone ever demonstrated that poor students can achieve equally with their higher-income peers. No one has ever established that kids with IQs below 90 can achieve at the same level as kids with IQs above 100, or examined the difference in outcomes of educating kids with high vs. low motivation. And the only thing that has changed in forty years is that anyone who points this out will now be labelled elitist and racist by both sides of the educational debate, instead of just one.