Breaking the Mold at Aachen

Sunday, July 7th, 2013

Tanks are made to go fast and shoot far, so the prevailing wisdom about using tanks in cities has been, don’t. But some tank commanders have been breaking the mold. In fact, some broke the mold way back in WWII, as the Americans broke through the Westwall and took Aachen:

The fighting in Aachen settled into a routine for the Americans who learned the fine points of urban warfare along the way. Typically, a tank fired on the building just ahead of its supporting rifle platoon, suppressing enemy fire until the soldiers could enter and clear the structure with hand grenades and automatic fire. The Americans were rightfully concerned about the ever-present threat of panzerfausts. Infantrymen covered the vulnerable tanks, which in turn covered the infantry. In practice, the tanks and tank destroyers usually stayed one street back from the advancing infantry, creeping forward or around a corner to engage their targets. Once the block was cleared, the armored vehicles would dash forward to the newly cleared street. There was no attempt to avoid collateral damage, which was immense.

One aspect of the fighting was unconventional. For several days prior to the attack on Aachen, a detachment of US Army Rangers was operating under the direction of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Donning German uniforms with the correct papers and accoutrements, the Rangers were organized into small teams and were to penetrate enemy lines to conduct sabotage and raids. Every man spoke German fluently and each had spent months training for such operations. Working under the cover of darkness, one was successful in entering Aachen and succeeded in destroying a signals center. The Rangers then positioned two machine guns covering the barracks of a German quick-reaction force. Using signal flares and pre-arranged American artillery to rouse the enemy, the Rangers cut the Germans down as they emerged from the bunker.

[...]

The tactics employed emphasized fire and maneuver, the standard for the day, and closely resembled the procedures used in the hedgerows and through the numerous towns and villages in the drive across France. The tanks and tank destroyers were used as mobile platforms to bring heavy ordnance to where it was needed by the infantrymen. Armor was in the supporting role, and not engaged in bold offensives leaving the infantry to catch up. The riflemen bore the brunt of the fight for Aachen, but counted on the armor to make their job possible. This operation just happened to be at a much larger scale.3

(Hat tip to Jonathan Jeckell and Graham Jenkins.)

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