A Destructive Myth

Wednesday, May 11th, 2011

A few years ago, an anonymous Professor X argued that the idea that a university education is for everyone is a destructive myth:

The bursting of our collective bubble comes quickly. A few weeks into the semester, the students must start actually writing papers, and I must start grading them. Despite my enthusiasm, despite their thoughtful nods of agreement and what I have interpreted as moments of clarity, it turns out that in many cases it has all come to naught.

Remarkably few of my students can do well in these classes. Students routinely fail; some fail multiple times, and some will never pass, because they cannot write a coherent sentence.

In each of my courses, we discuss thesis statements and topic sentences, the need for precision in vocabulary, why economy of language is desirable, what constitutes a compelling subject. I explain, I give examples, I cheerlead, I cajole, but each evening, when the class is over and I come down from my teaching high, I inevitably lose faith in the task, as I’m sure my students do. I envision the lot of us driving home, solitary scholars in our cars, growing sadder by the mile.

Our textbook boils effective writing down to a series of steps. It devotes pages and pages to the composition of a compare-and-contrast essay, with lots of examples and tips and checklists. “Develop a plan of organization and stick to it,” the text chirrups not so helpfully. Of course any student who can, does, and does so automatically, without the textbook’s directive. For others, this seems an impossible task. Over the course of 15 weeks, some of my best writers improve a little. Sometimes my worst writers improve too, though they rarely, if ever, approach base-level competence.
[...]
I wonder, sometimes, at the conclusion of a course, when I fail nine out of 15 students, whether the college will send me a note either (1) informing me of a serious bottleneck in the march toward commencement and demanding that I pass more students, or (2) commending me on my fiscal ingenuity — my high failure rate forces students to pay for classes two or three times over.

What actually happens is that nothing happens. I feel no pressure from the colleges in either direction. My department chairpersons, on those rare occasions when I see them, are friendly, even warm. They don’t mention all those students who have failed my courses, and I don’t bring them up.

There seems, as is often the case in colleges, to be a huge gulf between academia and reality. No one is thinking about the larger implications, let alone the morality, of admitting so many students to classes they cannot possibly pass. The colleges and the students and I are bobbing up and down in a great wave of societal forces — social optimism on a large scale, the sense of college as both a universal right and a need, financial necessity on the part of the colleges and the students alike, the desire to maintain high academic standards while admitting marginal students — that have coalesced into a mini-tsunami of difficulty.

No one has drawn up the flowchart and seen that, although more-widespread college admission is a bonanza for the colleges and nice for the students and makes the entire United States of America feel rather pleased with itself, there is one point of irreconcilable conflict in the system, and that is the moment when the adjunct instructor, who by the nature of his job teaches the worst students, must ink the F on that first writing assignment.

Professor X — Adjunct Professor X — has gone on to write In the Basement of the Ivory Tower. Caleb Crain of the New York Times reviews it:

X and his wife got snookered in the housing bubble, and he wonders if the misery in his classroom might result from a similar education bubble. In 1940, there were 1.5 million college students in America; in 2006, there were 20.5 million. In X’s opinion, a glut of degrees has led to a spurious inflation of the credentials required for many jobs. Tuitions are rising, and two-thirds of college graduates now leave school with debt, owing on average about $24,000. A four-year degree is said to increase wages about $450,000 over the course of a lifetime, but X doubts the real value of degrees further down on the hierarchy of prestige. To him, the human cost is more conspicuous. A recent study of about 3,000 graduates of Boston public high schools found that although two-thirds went on to college, only 675 had earned a degree of any kind, including a one-year certificate, seven years later. Upon learning of the study, The Boston Globe called for a campaign against student attrition. X, by contrast, worries about the waste of effort and the emotional toll of mass discouragement.

War Dogs

Tuesday, May 10th, 2011

This photo essay on War Dogs makes me want to say, “Who’s a cute widdle speshul opewator? Yes, you are!”

The Series and the Mini-Series

Tuesday, May 10th, 2011

David Foster notes the strengths of the series and the mini-series versus the feature film and names five recent favorites:

Once an Eagle, based on the novel of the same name, traces the careers and personal lives of two American army officers–men of very different characters–through both world wars. Sam Elliot stars as the courageous and compassionate Sam Damon; Cliff Potts is the manipulative careerist Courtney Massengale. The series was originally televised in 1976 and has only recently been made available in DVD format.

The Awakening Land, a 1978 mini-series adapted from Conrad Richter’s trilogy (The Trees–The Fields–The Town) tells the story of a backwoods family from Pennsylvania which moves to what was then the wild and unsettled territory of Ohio. Elizabeth Montgomery is the uneducated but intelligent Sayward Luckett; Hal Holbrook is Portius Wheeler, the iconoclastic lawyer she marries. This series was also made in the late 1970s.

Dresden, released originally for German television as a two-part mini-series, centers around a love affair in the doomed city. I reviewed this film here. Felicitas Woll is Anna Mauth, a nurse in a Dresden hospital; John Light is Robert Newman, a pilot with RAF Bomber Command.

The Wire, broadcast from 2002-2008, begins as a cops-versus-drug-dealers story set in Baltimore, but soon expands to encompass the Port of Baltimore and the relevant labor union, city politicians, the media, and the public schools. Some critics have called this the greatest television series ever made. Many great performances, including Michael Williams as Omar Little, who specializes in the dangerous trade of robbing drug dealers, Chris Bauer as union leader Frank Sobotka, and Aiden Gillen as the ambitious politician Tommy Carcetti.

Friday Night Lights is about a high-school football coach, his family, the players and other students, and their football-loving Texas town. Absolutely outstanding; I just finished it and was sorry to see it end. We’ve previously discussed on this blog the shortage of novels and films dealing realistically with work–this series is very much about work, both the coach’s job and that of his wife, a school counselor and principal. And while coach Eric Taylor’s job is all about football, the difficulties and rewards of his work will resonate with anyone involved in education or in management.

Erin O’Connor, while agreeing that the show is great on work, notes that “It’s also wonderful on what it is to actually be an adult — and on the constant challenge of making responsible decisions. We really don’t see that dramatized much at all, preferring to watch the fascinations of dysfunction in our TV dramas (The Wire, Sopranos, Mad Men, etc.). I also love the portrait of the Taylors’ marriage, and the way the show takes adolescence so seriously. There is something so searching about the show, and yet it never gets bogged down.”

I’ve been meaning to watch The Wire, past the first season, for a long time.

Naturally I currently recommend HBO’s Game of Thrones.

The Philip K. Dick-Punk Rock Connection

Tuesday, May 10th, 2011

The Philip K. Dick-punk rock connection is tenuous: Nicole Panter, manager for the Germs, had three boyfriends in a row who were obsessed with the writer. She found out where he was living in Santa Ana, and she arranged for the gang to go meet with him — even though she still hadn’t read any of his works.

The interview turned into (what I would consider) a self-parody of alternative journalism, published in Slash magazine in 1980:

Slash: Darby has a mohican now which brings up the kids you wrote about that modeled themselves after South American Indians or was it Africans. When did you begin to write about mutant youth cultures?

Dick: In my writing? TIME OUT OF JOINT in 1958.

Slash: Were you a beatnik then … a bohemian?

Dick: I was all of those things. I knew the first beatnik. His name was Charles McLane … oh, the first hippy. I’m sorry. He was into drugs – that would be hippy.

Slash: What made a beatnik, alcohol?

Dick: Some were into drugs. The difference was there was more of an emphasis on creative work with the beatniks. You had to write … much less emphasis on drugs.

Slash: How far does a bohemian or lunatic fringe go back?

Jeter: To the Bohemians in the twenties …

Dick: Wrong! Puccini’s LA BOHEME describes people who were poets and singers and who burned their pictures in the 19th Century. The furthest I can remember back is the thirties to the WPA artists paid by the government. They became the bohemian strata of the United States.

Slash: What prompted you in 1958 to begin writing about this kind of youth culture? Kids with teeth filed to points?

Dick: Yeah, I don’t know. It wasn’t until ‘71 in a speech I delivered in Vancouver that I was consciously discussing the rise of the youth culture. I glorified punks “kids who would neither read, watch, remember, or be intimidated.” I spoke of the rise of a youth culture which would overthrow the government.

Slash: Do you still think that’s the case?

Dick: I certainly do.

Slash: Have you got a timetable?

Dick: What time is it now? (laughter) Any day now I expect to hear that swarms have entered the White House and broken all the furniture.

Slash: What comes after that?

Dick: Oops!

Slash: You wrote in one story about a system of enforced anarchy.

Dick: Yes, I did … (tape stops!) … of course I grew up in Berkeley and my baby sitter was a communist. She used to give me lectures on how wonderful the Soviet Union was. I would draw all these pictures of tractors and cow shit, but told her the shit was dirigibles. I was sent to a communist kindergarden.

Jeter: Sounds like a Roger Corman film. COMMUNIST KINDERGARDEN.

Slash: What do you think of communism now?

Dick: … uh, I’ve had the shit kicked out of me by the authorities so many times that I no longer have an opinion on that. “When I hear the word “communism” my mind goes blank. Let me know when they’re in power. Then I’ll give you a definite opinion. (laughter) I regard the Soviet Union as a tyrannical dictatorship run by an entrenched clique of old men who are probably the Ronald Reagans of the communist world.

Slash: The kids that trash the white House would probably be a bunch of dub shits out for a yuk. Is that a scary prospect?

Dick: Not for me it’s not! I can’t imagine how they could be more dangerous then the people that are there now. Carter has spoken of the Russians in relation to the Afghanistan war as atheists. That’s holy war talk. And the Democrats are getting the MX missile put through, which is almost like a Warner Brothers cartoon.

Slash: A scary prospect is that, though Carter and those guys are fucked, they seem at least able to keep a country going or vaguely protected more than a bunch of illiterate morons, however energetic. Wouldn’t Russia take advantage of a White House full of guys telling fart jokes?

Dick: I don’t welcome the Soviet Union into this country at all. It seems to be more of a war between young and old. And so far the old are winning. Certainly the Soviet power elite are entrenching beautifully against the youthful dissidents. Like that exhibit of modern art that was literally bulldozed. That’s almost like a nightmare. That scared the piss out of me. I’ve had my house vandalized by kids and robbed, but the idea of government bulldozers to destroy works of art?

Jeter: The orientation of the underground in the past is always that it seeks to become the overground. That there’s a revolution simmering under that’s going to take over … but every time it takes over, if it does, as in the case of Marinetti and the Futurists affecting Fascists to the extent that Italy did become a Futurist state, but when it became a Futurist state it became the very thing that the Futurists hated. A smart underground might orient itself to staying underground and becoming a permanent subversive pool underneath society.

Dick: I just figured if the kids broke into the Pentagon and smashed all the machines there would be no workable machines. I have all these visions of these marvelous GHQ consoles in ruins and it takes forty years before they work again. That’s my dream. Not that kids would rule, but that they would make it impossible for the sophisticated technology to function. I have this impulse that comes to me when I’m drinking orange soda. That is to pour half a can of orange soda into my television set. I think someday I won’t go to Washington and attack them and their computers, I’ll just turn on my own television set and go after the stereo after that.

Slash: Responsible vandalism?

Jeter: This is it. I would like it if the people in charge were better capitalists. The problem is that they are shitty capitalists. They seek a social reward rather than aesthetic or financial reward. Most of the publishers would have folded several years ago if foreign and native conglomerates hadn’t bought them out.

Slash: Are conglomerates better capitalists?

Jeter: They are going to have to be.

Slash: The problem with conglomerates is that they are backward looking in that they seem to rely too much on marketing research. Marketing research is what I would like to demolish. How did you come to write stories that are a little bit ahead in time?

Dick: I originally wrote straight fiction but I couldn’t sell it, so I recast it in the future. But I’ve always been primarily interested in the human being as artificer: producing some kind of product. In high school I worked at a radio repair shop and my friends were radio repairmen and I was fascinated by this mentality and later repelled by the salesmen.

Slash: A feature of your writing a little bit ahead is the precog or precognitive facility.

Dick: It’s one paranormal facility which really fascinates me.

Slash: Do you have precog ability?

Dick: I wrote one novel in which there was a 19 year old girl named Kathy whose boyfriend was named Jack who appeared to have a relation with the criminal underground who turns out to have a relation with a police inspector, and that Christmas I met a 19 year old girl named Kathy who had a boyfriend named Jack who sold dope but later turned out to be a police informant. There have been other instances.

Slash: Can you control this ability?

Dick: It just happens.

This is the passage that caught Kalim Kassam‘s eye and brought the whole thing to my attention:

Slash: What’s your prognosis for the next 25 years? Do you think things are going to get real dismal?

Dick: No! No! I think things are going to get really good. I think we’re going to see a great decentralization of the government, which is good. The government is just failing to solve the economic problems and it will devolve to the state.

Slash: States? That’s what Ronald Reagan is after, isn’t it?

Dick: Yeah. I think he’s right about that. If you got really sick now it’s the state of California that’s going to pick up your bill … not the federal government. We could survive much better without the federal government than without the state government.

Jeter: It’s like those forces in the Brown administration who want to conclude a separate treaty with Mexico for petroleum products. What the hell! California is the sixth largest industrial nation in the world …

Dick: I know where my state taxes go. They don’t buy weapons with that. I would like to see this country break up into individual states.

Slash: Wouldn’t that mean some pretty piss poor states?

Dick: Yeah, but presumably you’d still be free to travel. I spent years and years studying the war between the states and as much as I admire Lincoln, I think his philosophy was wrong and they should have let the South secede. That would have been a much wiser decision.

Slash: What would things be like now? Would the South still have slavery?

Dick: Definitely not. Civil rights would be much worse for Blacks in the South than they are now but … on the positive side … uh I have books written during the war of speeches made by General Sherman have the right to self determination.

Slash: Sounds more Socialist.

Dick: Well, actually they influenced the Germans on that. The North adopted the Hegelian view of state as a real entity rather than an abstraction which has led to the massive centralized government as bad as the Soviet Union. The original model for the U.S. was modeled by Jefferson after the models of the American Indian Federations. There is no doubt that the founding fathers were designing a system of independent and allied states based on these Indian models. Jefferson would have been appalled by Lincoln’s contesting the supremacy of states rights.

The Crazy Life of Gérard Depardieu

Tuesday, May 10th, 2011

I studied French in high school, and one summer I went to France with a group. While we were watching Jéopardie in the hotel room, one of the contestants chose Acteurs for 100 (francs), and one of my roommates — without skipping a beat — said, «Qui est Gérard Depardieu?»

You see, he’s the star of every French movie — certainly every French movie shown in high-school French classes. And my buddy was right; that was the correct response.

Anyway, Depardieu has lived a crazy life:

Depardieu has survived 17 (at the last count) motorbike accidents, a quintuple heart bypass and a runway accident when his small plane smacked into a Boeing 727 at Madrid airport. He’s also seen through a poverty-ravished childhood, a short spell in jail for theft and a 26-year marriage. Little wonder the French call him “une force de la nature”. Dressed today in a navy suit and pale-blue shirt, the buttons straining at his considerable girth, not even a hurricane would blow him over. “I am a killer of life,” he tells me, “but I’ve never used my bullets!” No, I’m not really sure what he means either. But it sounds good.

When we meet, he is sitting in the boardroom of the Grand Hyatt Hotel in Berlin. A beleaguered-looking interpreter is by his side. If Depardieu is wary of the media, he’s just as cautious of those employed to put his words into English. Back when he was nominated for an Oscar for Cyrano de Bergerac (1990), perhaps the only time a character’s nose has outflanked his own bulbous protrusion, he looked to be the favourite, until an article in Time alleged the actor might have “participated in” a rape while young. In fact, it should have said he “witnessed” one. By the time the slapdash translation was corrected, the damage was done — and he’d lost to Reversal of Fortune’s Jeremy Irons.

While he allows his (word-perfect) bilingual minion to bring his first couple of answers to life, he then switches to his own inimitable English, mixing and matching verbs like ingredients in a rustic dish. “I understand much better than I speak,” he says, a phrase that doesn’t exactly fill me with confidence. Still, he’s entirely able to articulate his bile for Hollywood movies. “I refused more than I did,” he spits. “In Hollywood, you still have wonderful actors but it’s so hard to work there. To work becomes a Kafka nightmare — it’s the last communist country!”

His sojourns in Los Angeles have been rare — 1990 rom-com Green Card was a high point, but the likes of 102 Dalmatians (2000) and Last Holiday (2006) were not. But his work rate in Europe is ferocious; more than 180 film and TV credits since he began in 1970. That’s four-and-a-half films a year for four decades. Cameos. Support. Top-billing. When you’re the most famous man in French cinema, size really doesn’t matter. “It’s the people you work with [that matter],” he explains. “It’s not the role. I don’t give a shit about the role. I don’t have any ambition or career plans.”

It seems strange for a man who met the Pope, lunched with Princess Diana and calls Fidel Castro a close friend to claim he has no ambition. “I never have,” he protests. “I’m living in the present. I have no ambition. It’s true. But I want to live. I’m curious about people. That’s what I’ve always done since I’ve been a small boy. I’m curious about others. I do this profession. I’m an actor. And it is, for me, an opportunity to meet people. One of the advantages of my profession is I come into contact with many people.”

But acting is just one part of the Depardieu portfolio. Quite apart from the investments in Cuban oil fields (hence the Castro connection) and Romanian telecommunication and textiles industries, most famously he’s a producer of wine, purchasing in 1989 the 13th-century Château de Tigné estate in Anjou, in the lower Loire valley of western France, which now annually produces 12 cuvées — 350,000 bottles. He’s since expanded globally, co-owning a series of tiny estates in Argentina, Italy, Algeria, Morocco and Bordeaux with wine mogul Bernard Magrez. “I’m not passionate about wine-making,” he stresses. “I’m passionate about the country. I know the people who grow my grapes.”

His mobile rings and he briefly interrupts the conversation to answer. Apparently, he runs so many businesses, he’s had pockets sewn into his period-movie costumes to house his various phones. He also owns the restaurant Le Fontaine Gaillon, nestled in the heart of the Opéra district of Paris. “I take care of the restaurant and also the people who come to the restaurant,” he says. “So when you have a restaurant, if you want to make a good cook, you have to take care of the food. How it tastes, the clarity of everything. The meat, food, fish, birds, how they grew up, who takes care of that, so that makes you alive. And that means communication with the people who are passionate about that.”

Despite these entrepreneurial activities, he’s still entranced by film. Of his two new efforts, the tragi-comedy Mammuth is the one he clearly holds dear. Looking like Mickey Rourke in The Wrestler, with his long, blond locks, Depardieu plays Serge, an abattoir worker on the verge of retirement. When his wife discovers that he won’t get his full pension due to some iffy paperwork, he takes off on his Mammut motorbike on a journey into his past to uncover some vital missing documents. “My father lived just like the man in the film,” says the actor. “He was exploited by everyone and he never went in search of his pension. In fact, both my parents died too soon for that. But it is the poetry of their lives that we’re looking at here.”

Poetry: it’s an interesting choice of word. Depardieu was born the third of six children in Châteauroux, 160 miles south of Paris. His father, Dédé, was an illiterate, alcohol-dependent sheet metal worker; his mother, Lilette, so crushed by poverty, once let slip that she considered aborting young Gérard with a knitting needle. Not much poetry there, you might say. The family was so poor that they could rarely afford even the cheapest meat, but Depardieu likes to put a romantic spin on his youth. “At Christmas, we had maybe one orange,” he wrote in his foody tome My Cookbook, “but I had my freedom.”

He left home at 12, so the story goes, to live with a pair of ageing but apparently hospitable prostitutes who worked the US army base on the other side of town, before hitting the road in his mid-teens. Hustling hand-to-mouth, even selling stolen booze, he eventually wound up in Paris where he enrolled in an acting school. It’s why he’s so wrapped up in his Mammuth character. “I’m almost a vagabond myself,” he says. “I’m an absolute spectator of life, so I’m very like this man. I’m luckier than him because I have a job where I earn a lot of money. But there is also a lot of silliness and stupidity surrounding my job — like the effect that money has on people.”

He says the film reminded him of his early days as an actor, after he graduated from the Théâtre Nationale Populaire (having overcome a damaging stammer). “It was fun to make a film as one used to make them — like Les Valseuses,” he says. “Although even that was too organised for me! We were organised making this film, of course, but there was a lot of freedom. We felt free. It’s bit of a change at least, from all the stinky boring films.” Depardieu’s 1974 breakthrough, Les Valseuses cast him as a young thug prone to car theft and GBH; a role many thought was autobiographical, it almost seems like a precursor to Mammuth.

Yet another significance is that the film is dedicated to his son Guillaume, the product of his long marriage to actress Elisabeth Guignot, with whom he starred in Jean de Florette. Guillaume died two-and-a-half years ago — aged 37 — after contracting viral pneumonia on location in Romania. It was a tragic end to a tormented life, one that seemed to take his father’s wayward youth and shade it much darker. Caught robbing a phone box at 16, Guillaume graduated to more serious crimes — from drink-driving to dealing heroin, which saw him serve three months of a one-year sentence. Worse was to come: a motorbike accident led to 17 operations to repair his damaged knee. During one, he contracted a bacterial infection that caused so much pain he eventually chose to have his leg amputated.

Then there’s Gérard’s love-life…

Existential Star Wars

Monday, May 9th, 2011

The one flaw in Guerres des Étoiles Existentielles (Existential Star Wars) is that some of us who have read enough existentialism to get the joke did so in the original French, so the joke of putting English translations of existentialist texts under the authentic French dialog doesn’t always work:

My French is rusty enough that it worked for me though. (“I die!”)

SEAL Team 6

Monday, May 9th, 2011

For a “secret” unit that doesn’t officially exist, Navy SEAL Team 6 is getting a lot of attention. The New York Times, citing a former SEAL, calls them the SEALs’ All-Star Team:

Inside the Navy, there are regular unclassified Seal members, organized into Teams 1 to 5 and 7 to 10. Then there is Seal Team 6, the elite of the elite, or, as Mr. Roberti put it, “the all-star team.”

The Navy SEALs — SEa Air Land forces — formally began in the Vietnam era, but they can trace their origins back to WWII, when the Navy realized it needed specialists to reconnoiter landing beaches, note any obstacles or defenses, and then guide landing forces in.

These proto-SEALs came from multiple branches and trained at the Amphibious Scout and Raider School. After the disastrous Tarawa landing in 1943, the Navy created its Underwater Demolition Teams. Early teams paddled into shallow water — wearing fatigues, boots, and helmets — where they did surprisingly little swimming. Soon though they evolved into “naked warriors” — wearing trunks, fins, and masks — and combat-swimming became their primary skill.

After the war, the UDT swimmers evolved into frog men, using SCUBA gear and rebreathers, and they started experimenting with other exotic forms of insertion and extraction: jumping from a helicopter into water, rappelling down, and getting picked up via Skyhook.

In Korea, they performed traditional UDT roles — preparing for the landing at Inchon, clearing mines, etc. — and less-traditional covert roles — escorting South Korean commando raids, helping spies across the lines, etc.

In 1961, when President Kennedy announced the plan to put a man on the moon, he also pledged to spend $100 million on unconventional special forces, like the Army’s Green Berets. Naturally, the Navy wanted a piece of the action, and the UDTs became SEALs, with a new emphasis on covert operations. They saw plenty of action in Vietnam.

(You may be thinking, “An elite group of commandos trained to attack from the sea… Aren’t those Marines?” Apparently the Marines’ Force Recon units weren’t deemed elite enough, and they resisted creating a separate sub-group of even more elite Marines, MARSOC, until 2006.)

When Operation Eagle Claw, the Iranian hostage-rescue, failed, the Navy decided it needed a dedicated counter-terrorist team. It added a third SEAL team, consisting of hand-picked men — which its commanding officer dubbed SEAL Team 6, to confuse Soviet intelligence.

That unit has since been renamed the Naval Special Warfare Development Group, or DevGru. You can see why the old name stuck. The group supposedly has an even newer name, but it’s classified.

(Delta Force, the other Tier One special forces unit, associated with the Army, is supposedly now ACE, the Army Compartment Elements.)

DevGru is jokingly known as an old man’s club, because the operators, with all their specialized training and experience, are closer to 30 years old, not 20.

As you may have noticed, their maritime focus has blurred, with the extended wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

How Education Fails to Produce Expertise

Monday, May 9th, 2011

The term deliberate practice is coming into common usage, Sanjoy Mahajan notes, but deliberate practice is hard to find in our school system.

Of course, our school system has little interest in mastery or expertise, and it actively discourages children working at their own pace. It would rather dole out As, Bs, and Cs, and then promote everyone than have each student work up to an A on each lesson before advancing.

Since he’s writing on the Freakonomics blog, I thought someone would recommend giving kids the proper incentives: when you get a perfect score on the worksheet or quiz, you get to go to recess; until then, practice, practice, practice.

Ten cases of special forces in action

Monday, May 9th, 2011

The BBC shares 10 cases of special forces in action — many familiar, some not:

  1. Operation Thunderbolt – Uganda, July 1976
  2. Operation Eagle Claw – Iran, April 1980
  3. Operation Nimrod – London, May 1980
  4. Loughgall ambush – Northern Ireland, May 1987
  5. Assassination of Abu Jihad – Tunis, April 1988
  6. The Battle of Mogadishu – Somalia, October 1993
  7. Operation Chavin de Huantar – Peru, April 1997
  8. Operation Barras – Sierra Leone, September 2000
  9. Moscow Theatre siege – October, 2002
  10. Operation Jaque – Colombia, July 2008

Operation Nimrod caught my eye:

This was the first special forces operation to be shown live on television. On 30 April, a group of Iranian Arab separatists stormed the Iranian embassy in London, taking 26 hostages. Five hostages were released in the following days, but on the sixth day of the siege, the hostage-takers killed a diplomat and threw his body out on to the street.

This was the cue for the Special Air Service (SAS) to launch an assault. Five four-man teams broke into the building from different directions, using stun grenades to disorientate the gunmen. Five of the six militants were killed and 19 of the 20 remaining hostages were rescued, while one was shot dead by the hostage-takers during the SAS assault.

If Supermarkets Were Like Public Schools

Monday, May 9th, 2011

Suppose that groceries were supplied in the same way as K-12 education, Don Boudreaux suggests:

Residents of each county would pay taxes on their properties. Nearly half of those tax revenues would then be spent by government officials to build and operate supermarkets. Each family would be assigned to a particular supermarket according to its home address. And each family would get its weekly allotment of groceries — “for free” — from its neighborhood public supermarket.

No family would be permitted to get groceries from a public supermarket outside of its district. Fortunately, though, thanks to a Supreme Court decision, families would be free to shop at private supermarkets that charge directly for the groceries they offer. Private-supermarket families, however, would receive no reductions in their property taxes.

Of course, the quality of public supermarkets would play a major role in families’ choices about where to live. Real-estate agents and chambers of commerce in prosperous neighborhoods would brag about the high quality of public supermarkets to which families in their cities and towns are assigned.

Being largely protected from consumer choice, almost all public supermarkets would be worse than private ones. In poor counties the quality of public supermarkets would be downright abysmal. Poor people — entitled in principle to excellent supermarkets — would in fact suffer unusually poor supermarket quality.

How could it be otherwise? Public supermarkets would have captive customers and revenues supplied not by customers but by the government. Of course they wouldn’t organize themselves efficiently to meet customers’ demands.

Responding to these failures, thoughtful souls would call for “supermarket choice” fueled by vouchers or tax credits. Those calls would be vigorously opposed by public-supermarket administrators and workers.

Opponents of supermarket choice would accuse its proponents of demonizing supermarket workers (who, after all, have no control over their customers’ poor eating habits at home). Advocates of choice would also be accused of trying to deny ordinary families the food needed for survival. Such choice, it would be alleged, would drain precious resources from public supermarkets whose poor performance testifies to their overwhelming need for more public funds.

As for the handful of radicals who call for total separation of supermarket and state — well, they would be criticized by almost everyone as antisocial devils indifferent to the starvation that would haunt the land if the provision of groceries were governed exclusively by private market forces.

God Save the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge!

Sunday, May 8th, 2011

The recent royal wedding pushed Danny Sanchez to ask, why not use this nostalgia and popular acclaim as momentum to transfer some real power back to the House of Windsor?

Anyone who thinks such an idea is self-evident folly, he says, should read Hans-Hermann Hoppe on The Comparative Economics of Private and Public Government Ownership:

The defining characteristic of private government ownership is that the expropriated resources and the monopoly privilege of future expropriation are individually owned. The appropriated resources are added to the ruler’s private estate and treated as if they were a part of it, and the monopoly privilege of future expropriation is attached as a title to this estate and leads to an instant increase in its present value (“capitalization” of monopoly profit).

Most importantly, as private owner of the government estate, the ruler is entitled to pass his possessions onto his personal heir; he may sell, rent, or give away part or all of his privileged estate and privately pocket the receipts from the sale or rental; and he may personally employ or dismiss every administrator and employee of his estate.

In contrast, in a publicly owned government the control over the government apparatus lies in the hands of a trustee, or caretaker. The caretaker may use the apparatus to his personal advantage, but he does not own it. He cannot sell government resources and privately pocket the receipts, nor can he pass government possessions onto his personal heir. He owns the current use of government resources, but not their capital value.

Moreover, while entrance into the position of a private owner of government is restricted by the owner’s personal discretion, entrance into the position of a caretaker-ruler is open. Anyone, in principle, can become the government’s caretaker.

From these assumptions two central, interrelated predictions can be deduced:

  • A private government owner will tend to have a systematically longer planning horizon, i.e., his degree of time preference will be lower, and accordingly, his degree of economic exploitation will tend to be less than that of a government caretaker; and
  • subject to a higher degree of exploitation, the nongovernmental public will also be comparatively more present oriented under a system of publicly owned government than under a regime of private government ownership.

It’s not clear that giving the monarch back some executive power is quite the same thing as treating the country as a valuable asset whose managers should be governed by its owners.

David Barton

Saturday, May 7th, 2011

Hardcore lifters sometimes take a twisted pride in their ogre-like ugliness and the ugliness of their dank dungeon-like gyms. They scoff at mirrors and ferns. A gym is a place for chalk, iron, sweat, and blood.

I suppose they’re reacting to people like David Barton and his customers:

On a recent Thursday night, the 38,000-square-foot David Barton Gym on Astor Place was throbbing to the Scorpions’ “Rock You Like a Hurricane.” Up the white-plaster staircase, candles flickered in the virgin springwood-paneled yoga room. Down below, a line of porcelain doll heads grinned over the moodily lighted lobby as lithe young things churned past the reception desk, designer gym bags in tow.
[...]
“We call this Victorian punk,” Mr. Barton, 46, said of the décor in his raspy, staccato, Mickey Rourke voice, his right biceps spasming, as it constantly does. “It’s like some punk rockers took over an old East Village church and made it cool.”

Few things at a David Barton gym look uncool. Since Mr. Barton opened his first gym in Chelsea in 1991, he estimates that he has grossed $230 million with six fitness centers in New York, Miami Beach, Chicago and elsewhere that feel more like nightclubs (noirish lighting, live D.J.’s, spalike locker rooms) than workaday gyms.
[...]
His first gym, in the unlovely basement of a 1970s apartment building on West 15th Street, was an instant hit among the neighborhood’s burgeoning gay populace. It featured a relentless house-music track, lush spotlighting and wall-to-wall mirrors that seemed to magnify a culture of muscle worship.

“I’d never worked out before, and that gym pretty much changed my life,” said Amanda Lepore, the transsexual party hostess whose surgically enhanced body Mr. Barton has featured in ads. Mr. Barton would let Ms. Lepore and other downtown club figures work out free in exchange for the buzz. “David showed me that I could sculpt my body with weights,” Ms. Lepore said, “which is better than plastic surgery, because you can control it more.”

Other clubs followed on the Upper East Side and in other cities, including Miami Beach, where the opening of the David Barton gym in the Delano hotel in 1995 helped brand that hotel as one of South Beach’s hot spots and where, later, its move to the Gansevoort South was seen as something of a coup for that hotel. Toned down somewhat from the flamboyant Chelsea original, the subsequent locations still succeeded in defining an entirely new kind of gym experience, one that felt as much like hitting a glitzy party as logging an everyday workout.

“David Barton created the prototype of the gym-as-nightclub that has been widely imitated,” said Taylor Hamilton, a senior analyst covering sports and fitness for IBISWorld, a market research company. “They’re probably the highest cachet gyms in the U.S. other than Equinox.”

In 2004, Mr. Barton fulfilled a dream to move his Chelsea flagship to a higher-profile site: the former McBurney YMCA, a century-old landmark on West 23rd Street. It became his most nightclubby gym, with the weight room swathed in theatrical shadows, D.J.’s pumping dance music at night and a fiber-optic light show in the steam room.

Tales of hijinks in the men’s locker room became the stuff of gay urban legend.

What are the rules that govern the killing of enemy leaders?

Friday, May 6th, 2011

What are the rules that govern the killing of enemy leaders?, Victor Davis Hanson asks:

First, it seems OK to assassinate a terrorist kingpin either by air attack or commando raid. But legal and moral problems arise if he is captured, detained, waterboarded or tried in a military tribunal. A quick death seems to end almost all legal discussions and controversies.

Second, there is also no problem in assassinating a foreign dictator as long as the mission meets two criteria: We must be engaged in some sort of conventional battle with his forces, and we have to kill him through aerial bombing. For some reason, vaporization by a bomb seems to raise fewer ethical issues than execution by a sniper’s bullet.

Third, targeted assassinations are better done under liberal presidents, who are more likely to be seen as humanitarians who only reluctantly order such killings. The Bush antiterrorism protocols — tribunals, renditions, preventative detentions, Predator assassination missions, Guantanamo Bay — were decried as illegal and immoral. Such furor vanished, however, when President Obama embraced or expanded them all. The effort to preemptively remove the mass-murdering Saddam Hussein to foster democracy in his absence was seen by many in the media, universities and legal community as morally wrong — and yet preemptively bombing Gadhafi to foster democracy in his absence is now considered morally justified.

Fourth, success seems to end moral ambiguity in much the same way failure invites it. Had we gone into Pakistani territory and landed in the wrong compound, legal and ethical issues would have been raised. If we keep killing members of the Gadhafi family without hitting Gadhafi himself, at some point the denial of targeted assassination will seem empty. Targeted assassinations apparently have to work on the first or second attempt to be deemed moral and legal.

Black Rifles

Friday, May 6th, 2011

Spencer Ackerman reports that Maj. Gen. Richard Mills believes the bin Laden death will spook Afghan insurgents, because captured data may point to them.

What caught my eye though was the accompanying photo:

I understand that ordinary riflemen aren’t snipers, but those black rifles, black night-vision goggles, and black sunglasses really stand out against the tan background and their tan camouflage.

Couldn’t the military switch away from tacticool black to a lower-contrast gray, khaki, or OD green for most equipment? Or break out the spray paint at the base and really camouflage equipment for the local environment?

And wouldn’t a keffiyeh- or shemagh-style scarf come in handy?

BISimulations’ VBS 2

Friday, May 6th, 2011

I don’t know how the Bohemia Interactive Simulations PR team got the New York Times to cover the origin of their Virtual Battlespace (serious) game, but they did:

In 1997, the Spanel brothers began working on a commercial first-person-shooter game with an open platform and design tools, asking users to build more weapons, vehicles and terrains.

Ondrej Spanel had an advanced degree in landscape generation and animation, so terrain rendering became a central feature.

After several failed attempts to find a publisher, the brothers signed with an American distributor that soon went out of business and sold its catalog to Ubisoft, which cancelled the brothers’ contract.

“We were kind of hopeless,” Marek Spanel said.

When the game was eventually published by Codemasters in 2001 as “Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis,” the brothers’ fledgling company, Bohemia Interactive Studio, had grown to a staff of eight. “It was a small team. We were very dedicated. We had no family, no life,” said Mr. Spanel, who now has a 7-year-old son and two daughters, 5 and 3.

The brothers chose as the game’s theme song the heavy metal tune “Lifeless” by the Australian Internet band Seventh, whose lead singer, David Lagettie, was obsessed with military simulators. Mr. Lagettie, 42, had been an industrial air-conditioning mechanic near Canberra. The son of a Vietnam War veteran, he grew up enthralled by military flight simulators. He wrote “Lifeless” in memory of a close family friend, Sgt. Tom Birnie, who was killed in Vietnam.

He suggested that the Spanels turn Operation Flashpoint into a military training game.

The open design and mission editor, it turned out, provided just the flexibility the military needed. Mr. Lagettie helped the Spanels customize Operation Flashpoint into a military simulator they called VBS, which the Marine Corps started purchasing in 2001. The American, British, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand armies now also use the software.

“If it wasn’t for that song,” said Mr. Lagettie, “VBS wouldn’t exist today.”

The military simulation business has sustained the company.

Now, the Bohemia Interactive Group, based in Prague, has a staff of 140. For the 2009 fiscal year, game revenue was about $6 million, while simulation sales were about $7 million, Marek Spanel said.