Peter Saint-Andre shares some Anglospheric Vexillology:
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St. George’s Cross — this has been the national flag of England since 1277, though it seems to have been in use less officially as early as 1190 |
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St. Andrew’s Cross — this is the national flag of Scotland, in use as early as 832 (also known as “the Saltire”) |
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First Union Flag — with the union of England and Scotland, their national flags were combined to form the Union Flag or Union Jack (the red St. George’s Cross with its white background and the Saltire with its blue background); this is the original version before the addition of St. Patrick’s cross as a result of the union with Ireland in 1801 |
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Red Ensign — this flag was flown by the Royal Navy from the early 1600s until 1864 (since then still by British merchantmen); it has the Union Flag in the first quarter while the remainder is a red field (there also existed white ensigns and blue ensigns, the latter leading to the modern flags of Australia and New Zealand, while the Canadian flag until adoption of the Maple Leaf was a modified Red Ensign) |
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Grand Union Flag — the unofficial American flag until June 14, 1777, this flag modifies the Red Ensign by breaking up the red field into 13 stripes signifying the original 13 American colonies |
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Stars and Stripes — the “Stars and Stripes” was adopted as the American flag by the Marine Committee of the Second Continental Congress at Philadelphia on June 14, 1777; however, the arrangement of the stars was not originally specified, and early versions of the Stars and Stripes showed the stars in a circle (the “Betsy Ross” flag) or in alternating rows of 2 and 3 or 4 and 5 stars |
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Star Spangled Banner — the 15-star flag used from 1794 to 1818, where the fifteen stars signified the 13 colonies plus Vermont and Kentucky; from 1818 until 1960 the number of stars expanded from 20 to 50 with the accession of new states to the American Union |