Number Sense

Thursday, September 11th, 2008

Most animals have a basic number sense, allowing them, at a glance, to estimate the number of, say, prey animals before them:

The Johns Hopkins team wondered whether this basic, seemingly innate number sense had any bearing on the formal mathematics that people learn in school. So the researchers asked 64 14-year-olds to look at flashing groups of yellow and blue dots on a computer screen and estimate which dots were more numerous. Though most of the children easily arrived at the correct answer when there were (for example) only 10 blue dots and 25 yellow ones, some had difficulty when the number of dots in each set was closer together. Those results helped the researchers ascertain the accuracy of each child’s individual “number sense.”

They then examined the teenagers’ record of performance in school math all the way back through kindergarten, and found that students who exhibited more acute number sense had performed at a higher level in mathematics than those who showed weaker number sense, even controlling for general intelligence and other factors.

(Hat tip to Al Fin.)

Amerikaners

Wednesday, September 10th, 2008

Mencius Moldbug reserves the right to refer to red-staters, collectively, as Amerikaners:

Like their lexical analogues, the Amerikaners are a cultural group of European stock, but their present-day traditions cannot be easily connected with any group in modern Europe. We cannot say this of the Universalist Eloi of the coasts, whose connection to the English Dissenters and their secular, liberal heirs has been continuous since day one. For example, American traditionalist or “fundamentalist” Christianity, which is nominally Protestant but seems almost Catholic next to the thoroughly Quakerized blue states, has historical roots which are quite obscure and thoroughly American.

His question is, When will the Amerikaners decide that they’ve had enough?

Sixty (60) percent of American voters call themselves “conservative.” Voting as an organized, disciplined bloc, it should be straightforward for them to defeat and destroy the remaining 40 — let’s say 20% Eloi, 20% Morlock. Moreover, if such a majority demands a comprehensive reconstruction of government, not just a cosmetic change among a few ceremonial officials who have no real executive authority, the Eloi and Morlocks can hardly resist them. Especially since the American military class is, almost by definition, Amerikaner.

In retrospect, any such reconstruction would be accepted by all, of whatever caste. The Eloi will see the light, as they always do. As Osama put it: they like the strong horse. In an Amerikaner republic, Eloi will elbow each other out of the way to eat overpriced American food, wear marked-up knockoffs of American prole clothes, live in actual old American buildings, etc, etc.

Of course the Eloi already do these things. But in our New Albion, they will do them with flags, God and guns. (Possibly even Confederate flags.) And the Morlocks will be forced to deal — as they already are. (Although once the bar is reset, I suspect that less force will be required.) [...] And Sarah Palin will put together a small edition of her family’s wise old Alaska sayings, bound in red, white and blue, which fits nicely in the lapel of your blazer.

You may, or may not, be thankful that this is not going to happen. It is not going to happen because the Amerikaners are not organized enough to make it happen. Given infinite time, they will certainly get organized, which is why I say “when” rather than “if.” But time is not on the Amerikaners’ side. Their horse has been weakening for the last century.

The Amerikaners’ problem is that they’re governed by their enemies, the progressives, who have converted democratic politics into a reality show and rule through the extended civil service. The civil service is nominally responsible to the elected arms, but the latter would have to put up a terrible fight to even touch them. And progressives fight the peril of a “populist” democratic reaction with two slow, but inevitably lethal, strangulation tactics: subsidized progressive education, and Morlock voter importation.

The last quasi-successful Amerikaner reaction was the “Return to Normalcy” of the 1920s. Considering the royal ass-whupping the Amerikaners have been taking since then, “normalcy” (which, in classic Amerikaner style, is not even a word) is an awful mild description of the converse. But not even a gentle, Harding-Coolidge style restoration is a real possibility today.

The fatal flaw in the democratic mind of the Amerikaner, or “conservative,” is that he believes that his country’s political system basically works and is the best in the world. It has just gone slightly off the rails in the last few decades. But it can be set right with a minor corrective operation, ie, replacing a few ceremonial officials with good, clean-minded, child-bearing Amerikaners.

This belief system, which has no correlation with reality, is at the heart of “conservatism.” It shows no sign of going away. The fatal allure of insisting that right-wing conservatism is really the true democratic liberalism, the other having strayed, is an irresistible anglerfish lure. (The Rev. Dabney will set you straight.)

Therefore, the Amerikaners are unlikely to organize and act effectively until their electoral position has declined to the point at which a democratic restoration is not only nontrivial, but in fact impossible. At this point, USG [the US government] will have imported tens if not hundreds of millions of new Third World residents. It will be obvious that military government is the only route to any kind of American restoration. The inevitable alternative is a North America indistinguishable from the rest of the Third World.

Have you been to the Third World? The armed forces will have to act. Let’s hope they can all get it together to be on the same side.

Coastal privilege

Wednesday, September 10th, 2008

Before going on to discuss what she calls coastal privilege. Megan McArdle cites a recent New York Times opinion piece by Paul Krugman:

What struck me as I watched the convention speeches, however, is how much of the anger on the right is based not on the claim that Democrats have done bad things, but on the perception — generally based on no evidence whatsoever — that Democrats look down their noses at regular people.

Her response:

I’m surprised — though I shouldn’t be, of course — that any number of liberals who are (presumably) comfortable with concepts like unconscious discrimination and privilege when it comes to race, have not even stopped to consider that the same sort of thing might be operating here.

Let’s be honest, coastal folks: when you meet someone with a thick southern accent who likes NASCAR and attends a bible church, do you think, “hey, maybe this is a cool person”? And when you encounter someone who went to Eastern Iowa State, do you accord them the same respect you give your friends from Williams? It’s okay — there’s no one here but us chickens. You don’t.

The Currency Sign

Wednesday, September 10th, 2008

I just stumbled across an odd bit of trivia. That little symbol Microsoft Word uses to mark the end of a table cell — the circle with four little spokes coming off it, ¤ — is the generic currency sign — like $, ?, €, or ¥, but for no specific currency:

The symbol was invented in 1972 as a replacement for the dollar sign in national variants (ISO 646) of ASCII, and, originally, also the International Reference Variant. It was proposed by Italy to allow an alternative to encoding the dollar sign.
[...]
Thus, even when it is appropriately used, it has an inherent ambiguous meaning: ¤12.50 can be interpreted as 12.5 units of some currency, but the currency itself is unknown, and can only be determined by information outside the use of the character in itself.

More likely, this sign was intended to mark the position of the national currency symbol into the national variants of ASCII (7-bit, 95 printable characters available), where a specific national body were reluctant to accept the dollar sign $ as a kind of “universal sign” to denote “currency” or “money”. The currency sign ¤ should be replaced then by the appropriate glyph, depending on audience: ƒ, ?, ?, ¥, etc. But somehow, the neutral currency sign ¤ came to be used as a printable symbol in itself, and this usage were sufficient extended in the years of the first drafts of ISO 8859 to include it.

EPO improves memory

Wednesday, September 10th, 2008

The popular blood-boosting, performance-enhancing drug erythropoeitin, or EPO, improves memory:

The researchers injected mice with EPO every other day for three weeks to test the long-term impact of the drug. Mice given EPO had better memory in some situations than the animals given a placebo.

The better memory lasted up to three weeks from the last dose but disappeared after about a month. Mice given one dose a week had no benefit.

The specific improvements were associated with the hippocampus, the part of the brain involved in learning and memory, among other things, the researchers said.

“Young mice systematically treated with EPO for three weeks have improved memory, similar to the dramatic improvements observed in endurance and muscular performance athletes who use EPO to boost performance,” Ehrenreich said in a statement.

EPO treatment seemed to increase the transmission of certain nerve impulses in the brain, resulting in greater short-term and long-term memory. The improvements in memory were not linked to boosted blood production.

The findings may help lead to potential drug targets that could treat neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia, the researchers said.

China’s Outsourcing Appeal Dimming

Wednesday, September 10th, 2008

China's outsourcing appeal is dimming, for multiple reasons:

With fuel prices at record highs, the cost of sending a standard 40-foot container of goods has gone from $3,000 in 2000 to about $8,000 today, squeezing profit. [...] Soaring energy costs, the falling dollar and inflation are cutting into what U.S. manufacturers call the “China price” — the 40 to 50 percent cost advantage once offered by Chinese producers. [...] The model of outsourcing to China emerged at a time when oil was going for $20 a barrel. In the past few months, oil has been trading at about $110, and many experts say it will eventually hit $200.

This bodes well for certain American manufacturers:

Midwestern steelmakers are doing booming business as steel exports from China to the United States slowed down by 38 percent in the first seven months of the year while U.S. steel production rose 10 percent. Manufacturers of furniture, electronic appliances and textiles are also among those shifting production back.

The most prominent company in the group might be Thomasville Furniture, which was criticized a few years ago for sending several thousand American jobs overseas. It announced in June that it was returning production of an entire line of upholstered and wood furniture to the United States. The company says it will add 100 jobs in North Carolina.

(Hat tip to Al Fin.)

The 65 mpg Ford the U.S. Can’t Have

Tuesday, September 9th, 2008

David Kiley of BusinessWeek calls the 2009 Fiesta ECOnetic The 65 mpg Ford the U.S. Can’t Have:

Ford’s 2009 Fiesta ECOnetic goes on sale in November. But here’s the catch: Despite the car’s potential to transform Ford’s image and help it compete with Toyota Motor and Honda Motor in its home market, the company will sell the little fuel sipper only in Europe. “We know it’s an awesome vehicle,” says Ford America President Mark Fields. “But there are business reasons why we can’t sell it in the U.S.” The main one: The Fiesta ECOnetic runs on diesel.
[...]
Taxes aimed at commercial trucks mean diesel costs anywhere from 40 cents to $1 more per gallon than gasoline.

Oh, and it’s too pricey to import:

First of all, the engines are built in Britain, so labor costs are high. Plus the pound remains stronger than the greenback. At prevailing exchange rates, the Fiesta ECOnetic would sell for about $25,700 in the U.S. By contrast, the Prius typically goes for about $24,000.

EF vs. IQ

Tuesday, September 9th, 2008

Al Fin looks at EF vs. IQ — where EF stands for executive function, which has two facets:

  1. metacognition – problem solving, planning, concept formation, strategy development and implementation, controlling attention, working memory; handled in the dorsolateral prefrontal areas
  2. motivation – fulfilling biological needs according to some existing conditions; associated with the orbitofrontal and medial frontal areas

Executive function is highly heritable, but special curricula to train EF have been developed:

The EF curriculum has many strands, but here are a few just to give a flavor. Instead of keeping the classroom quiet, kids are actually taught and encouraged to talk to themselves, privately but aloud, as a way of helping them exert mental control. In one exercise, for example, the kids have to match their movements to symbols. When the teacher holds up a circle they clap, with a triangle they hop, and so forth. The kids are taught to talk themselves through the mental exercise: “OK, now clap.” “Twirl now.” This has been shown to flex and enhance the brain’s ability to switch gears, to suppress one piece of information and sub in a new one. It takes discipline; it’s the elementary school equivalent of saying “I really need stop thinking about next week’s vacation and focus on this report.”

Here’s another example from the classroom. Children tell stories to one another, but kids being kids, they all want to be the storyteller; none wants to just sit and listen. But the reality is that only one can tell a story at a time, so the designated listeners hold a picture of an ear, a prop to remind them that they are waiting their turn to talk. This helps them learn to control their natural instinct to talk out of turn. Eventually the props and private chatter are not needed, but in the beginning they help cognitively immature children stretch their executive muscles.

Dramatic role playing is a cornerstone of the EF philosophy. The preschoolers, all four and five years old, actually design the play’s action by themselves. For example: “Let’s pretend you’re the mommy and I’m the baby. I’ll get sick, and you’ll need to take me to the doctor.” Then they act it out, solving problems along the way. The idea is that play of this kind promotes the internalization of rules and expectations and demands mental discipline to stay in character — all cognitive challenges. Importantly, these exercises are not tacked on as a separate teaching, but rather are integrated into every activity of the child’s day, from reading to math.

This is a vast oversimplification of a curriculum that has taken years to develop and is grounded in rigorous scientific studies of children’s brain development. One concern of EF proponents is that dramatic play and clapping games will seem frivolous, a distraction from drilling kids in fractions and irregular verbs. But Diamond’s results say otherwise. As she reported at the recent convention of the Association for Psychological Science in Chicago, kids in both traditional and experimental classrooms were given a battery of EF tests following two years of preschool. The tests were very difficult cognitive challenges that require kids to inhibit their automatic responses. The EF-trained children outperformed the traditionally educated kids on every single test. In fact, the differences were so dramatic after one year that some school officials opted out of the experiment to give all the kids the benefit of EF training.

But there’s more. Psychologist Clancy Blair of Pennsylvania State University has shown that preschoolers with sharper executive capability also outperform their more traditional peers in basic skills, especially mathematics, when they hit kindergarten. In other words, as counterintuitive as it seems, early exposure to dramatic play and cognitive games better prepares kids for mastery of traditional academics.

Apparently EF and IQ are two great tastes that taste great together:

In this study 141 healthy children between the ages of three and five years took a battery of psychological tests that measured their IQs and executive functioning. Researchers found that a child whose IQ and executive functioning were both above average was three times more likely to succeed in math than a kid who simply had a high IQ.

Some tests of executive function, like the “backward digit span” test, can be used as training tools for preschool students:

Person A recites a string of numbers, like 3, 6, 10, and person B has to respond with the same string, only in reverse order: 10, 6, 3. This task requires one to restrain his or her automatic inclination to mimic person A (inhibitory control), but also requires keeping the actual numbers in mind (working memory).

Some training tools are more sophisticated:

Inspired by skills training of monkeys, Michael Posner and Mary Rothbart at the University of Oregon have developed a five-day computer-based attention-training program for young children. After the training, six-year-olds show a pattern of activity in the anterior cingulate — a banana-shaped brain region that is ground zero for executive attention — similar to that of adults, along with a slight IQ boost and a marked gain in executive attention.

Figure friendly

Tuesday, September 9th, 2008

Z Corp’s 3D-printing technology is figure friendly:

Z Corp. was founded in 1994 to commercialize a technology developed at MIT, which uses standard ink-jet printer heads — the kind you’d find in any home printer — to spray a glue or binder and colored pigment over a thin layer of a powdery substance. Do that over and over again, layer after layer, and the particles of powder (it can be a plaster or corn starch-based compound) essentially become a physical “pixel.” After a few hours, you vacuum away the loose powder that hasn’t been sprayed with glue, and what remains is a 3-D printed object.

Though others had marketed similar machines before, Z Corp. made a splash with its speed, its low cost, and its ability to print objects in color. The midrange printer Z Corp. will use to make the Rock Band figurines sells for about $40,000.

In 2005, the start-up was acquired by Contex Scanning Technology, a Danish company, for an undisclosed sum, though I’m told by a former Z Corp. executive that it was “more than twice” the company’s $40 million in revenue at the time. In turn, Contex was sold to a private equity firm in Sweden last year, for about $240 million.

In case you didn’t catch that, Z Corp’s novel business model is to sell custom figures of computer-gaming avatars:

Starting with the release of the game Rock Band 2 this month, players will have the option of purchasing a collectible plaster figurine of the character they create – whether it’s a lead guitarist with a Mohawk or a screeching lead singer sporting a skimpy bikini top. (The game is produced by Cambridge-based Harmonix Music Systems, a division of Viacom Inc.) The $75 figures will be produced at Z Corp.’s Burlington headquarters and shipped to players about a week after an order is placed through the Rock Band website.

“3-D printing should migrate anywhere people are using 3-D data,” Kawola says, envisioning the new venture as something that could generate “$20 million, $30 million, $50 million in revenue” for the company.

Watch the video to get a feel for the technology in action.

Sarah Palin: The Proletarian Candidate

Tuesday, September 9th, 2008

Mencius Moldbug has refined his previous five-caste definition of the American social spectrum down to three castes — Eloi, Morlocks, and Proles — and has declared Sarah Palin the proletarian candidate:

You see, the so-called “Democrats” (whom, here at UR, we call the Inner Party) and their purported opposition, the supposed “Republicans” (or Outer Party) have completely different beliefs about the nature, purpose, and function of the office known as the “Presidency,” for which they appear to contend. As usual, the IP is right and the OP is wrong.

To the IP (obviously, also the Eloi-Morlock Party), the so-called “President,” ie, the player whom callers help select in USG’s quadrennial reality show, is hardly a temporal position at all. It is really more of a spiritual office. The Roman pontifex maximus is a fine analogy. I also admire the phrase “bully pulpit,” which I feel could be used a good bit more.

For the IP, for example, the ideal “President” would be Nelson Mandela. But there are obstacles — St. Mandela, for instance, is not an American citizen. At least not in the strict technical sense of the law. Fortunately, our evolving standards of justice may at some point in the future, when we are more spiritually advanced, enable us to overcome this barbarous discrimination. When Archbishop Obama says that “the walls between the countries with the most and the countries with the least cannot stand,” perhaps he actually means it. Who knows, with such a great man? Certainly a good first step would be for a Federal court to realize that Mexicans are actually, in fact, Americans. (It’s not like they were born in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia or Antarctica.)

But obviously the most sacrilegious possible desecration is one in which an actual, practicing Prole is appointed, by some awful cosmic mistake, to the hallowed post of “President.” It’s basically like having a porn star elected Pope. Even as candidate vice-Pope, it’s way too far. The purpose of the White House is to teach the Proles that it’s wrong to be a Prole, and they need to stop. Now. I mean, duh. Ideally, the LORD would let America know at once of her mistake, and send Hurricane Gustav straight up the Mississippi to demolish the polyester-Americans and their so-called “convention.” (Which, frankly, could be mistaken for a multi-level marketing conference. At least if all you look at is the hair.)

Meanwhile, the OP (or Prole Party) has a completely different view of the “White House.” To the PP, the “President” is the CEO of America.

This illusion can only be sustained by people who either (a) have no idea what Washington is or how it works, or (b) do, but conceal it for their own political benefit. Collectively these individuals are known as “conservatives,” and they make up the right side of your radio dial.

(The radio cannot be adjusted beyond this built-in band. But it can be turned off. Please do not vote for, contribute to, or otherwise support the Outer Party. Outer Party politics is not effective against the Inner Party. Please forward this message to all your Avon subscribers.)

The truth is that the White House changes its entire nature as an organ of government when it changes between Inner and Outer Party control. An Inner Party presidency is simply a different institution from an Outer Party presidency. They are apples and oranges.

When the Inner Party is in, the Presidency is a vestigial organ. It would be a fun experiment to actually abolish the White House for four years. The results would be more or less the same. Every agency in Washington would function not only just as well without the existence of the President, but in fact much better.

For example, my mother was at DOE in the Clinton era. In the renewables area — she did a good bit of work for Joe Romm. Once I asked her what Sched Cs (political appointees) did under Clinton, and she said: “they got a nice office, and they were told to work on whatever they liked.” Indeed the main difference between Inner Party candidates is (a) whether or not they can win, and (b) the set of people among whom they will distribute the Plum Book.

A ceremonial presidency is perfectly consistent with Inner Party values, which stress that “politics” is bad and “public policy” is good, and the two should be stored separately — for more or less the same reason that sewage and wine are not shipped in the same tanker truck. As so often, the IP is exactly right about this. Except for the fact that the word “democracy” occupies the highest possible position on the mental totem pole of the Inner Party mind. If I could explain this, I might still be a believer.

(Moreover, the contradiction itself is a nice bit of misdirection. It points the marks away from inquiring into the nature, ingredients, and origins of the sausage called “policy.” But I digress.)

When an Outer Party man becomes “President,” he soon finds that all his efforts are devoted to solving the essentially unsolvable problem of preventing his name from becoming a historic byword for pure, infamous villainy. Maybe not quite like Hitler or Attila the Hun. But certainly like Mussolini, Richard II, Nixon or Ivan the Terrible.

The basic problem of the Outer Party in the White House is that, with minor exceptions such as the Pentagon, its mission is essentially one of preventing the rest of Washington from doing its job. Or at least what it thinks its job is. The military, of course, is an Outer Party shop, and can always be sent on bloody, expensive and counterproductive ticket-punching adventures. The rest of our permanent government, the civil service proper, is Inner Party to the bone. In fact, perhaps the best way to describe the Inner Party is as the party of the permanent civil service.

Which holds far more power than the White House. The While House can prevail or even contend only in the vast minority of conflicts with the permanent civil service. It is not good for the polls. When an Outer Party presidency’s approval sinks below 40% or so, it is defeated, and the agencies he supposedly “leads” ignore the “President” and all his handlers, cronies and contributors. Since polls are a function of public opinion, public opinion is fabricated by the press, schools and universities, and the latter are perma-pwned by the Inner Party, the resulting barbecue is too inevitable to be really entertaining. It’s best just to play along.

Example: for most of 2008, GWB might as well have been the prime minister of Namibia for all the influence he’s exerted over US foreign policy. Cheney probably wishes he was the prime minister of Namibia.

How Videogames Blind Us With Science

Tuesday, September 9th, 2008

In How Videogames Blind Us With Science, Clive Thompson argues that the same kids who sleep through their science classes enthusiastically use the scientific method to succeed in gaming:

A few years ago, Constance Steinkuehler — a game academic at the University of Wisconsin — was spending 12 hours a day playing Lineage, the online world game. She was, as she puts it, a “siege princess,” running 150-person raids on hellishly difficult bosses. Most of her guild members were teenage boys.

But they were pretty good at figuring out how to defeat the bosses. One day she found out why. A group of them were building Excel spreadsheets into which they’d dump all the information they’d gathered about how each boss behaved: What potions affected it, what attacks it would use, with what damage, and when. Then they’d develop a mathematical model to explain how the boss worked — and to predict how to beat it.

Often, the first model wouldn’t work very well, so the group would argue about how to strengthen it. Some would offer up new data they’d collected, and suggest tweaks to the model. “They’d be sitting around arguing about what model was the best, which was most predictive,” Steinkuehler recalls.

That’s when it hit her: The kids were practicing science.

They were using the scientific method. They’d think of a hypothesis — This boss is really susceptible to fire spells — and then collect evidence to see if the hypothesis was correct. If it wasn’t, they’d improve it until it accounted for the observed data.

This led Steinkuehler to a fascinating and provocative conclusion: Videogames are becoming the new hotbed of scientific thinking for kids today.

This makes sense if you think about it for a second. After all, what is science? It’s a technique for uncovering the hidden rules that govern the world. And videogames are simulated worlds that kids are constantly trying to master. Lineage and World of Warcraft aren’t “real” world, of course, but they are consistent — the behavior of the environment and the creatures in it are governed by hidden and generally unchanging rules, encoded by the game designers. In the process of learning a game, gamers try to deduce those rules.

This leads them, without them even realizing it, to the scientific method.

This is what Steinkuehler reports in a research paper — “Scientific Habits of Mind in Virtual Worlds” (.pdf) — that she will publish in this spring’s Journal of Science Education and Technology. She and her co-author, Sean Duncan, downloaded the content of 1,984 posts in 85 threads in a discussion board for players of World of Warcraft.

What did they find? Only a minority of the postings were “banter” or idle chat. In contrast, a majority — 86 percent — were aimed specifically at analyzing the hidden ruleset of games.

More than half the gamers used “systems-based reasoning” — analyzing the game as a complex, dynamic system. And one-tenth actually constructed specific models to explain the behavior of a monster or situation; they would often use their model to generate predictions. Meanwhile, one-quarter of the commentors would build on someone else’s previous argument, and another quarter would issue rebuttals of previous arguments and models.

Exercise trumps obesity gene in study

Tuesday, September 9th, 2008

Three to four hours of exercise trump the FTO obesity gene, according to a recent study of Amish men:

Researchers focused their study on a group of 704 Old Order Amish men and women in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, a religious group whose members often do not drive cars or have electricity in their homes.

Snitker said the group offered a unique mix of activity levels, with some farmers in the community still using horse-drawn plows while others holding more conventional jobs, including factory work.

He and colleague Evadnie Rampersaud of the University of Miami were looking to see if physical activity in this group might offset the effects of the fat mass and obesity associated with the FTO gene, found in more than half of all people of European descent.

People with two copies of the FTO gene on average weigh nearly 7 pounds (3 kg) more and are about 70 percent more likely to be obese than those who do not have the gene.

The volunteers wore a device called an accelerometer to track motion for a week.

The researchers compared body mass index or BMI, a measure of weight to height, and found those who were less active and had the FTO gene variant were significantly more likely to be overweight or obese.

But among the most physically active, the FTO gene made no difference.

Snitker said the study gives some perspective on how the obesity epidemic has evolved, as modern conveniences have reduced the need and opportunity for physical activity.

People in the most physically active group expended about 900 more calories per day than the low-activity group. That would equal three to four hours of moderately intense physical activity such as brisk walking, house cleaning or gardening.

“We probably carry genes that 150 years ago were not risk factors for obesity, but because of changes in our environment, they become liabilities,” he said.

The Culture of Prosperity

Tuesday, September 9th, 2008

Farewell to Alms by Gregory ClarkWolfgang Kasper examines The Culture of Prosperity while reviewing Gregory Clark’s A Farewell to Alms, comparing Clark’s lists of pre- and post-industrial vices and virtues to Jane Jacobs’ lists of cultural attributes for the guardian moral syndrome and the commercial moral syndrome (from her Systems of Survival):

To my mind, Jacobs’ list fully circumscribes the decisive cultural qualities that Clark keeps mentioning in his book. Anyone who has spent only a few days working in different cultures will realise how influential and pervasive these differing attitudes are. During three days’ work, say, in Shanghai, you will have had several discussions about moral principles and been asked numerous times for advice. During three days in Nairobi or Lima, you will have been informed repeatedly by the privileged that they expect donors to provide aid and that the condition of the country is the consequence of colonialism; you can also expect to come across some dishonest double-dealing. And everywhere you will probably observe some hair-raising maltreatment of machinery.

Table 1: Moral syndromes: guardian and commercial

(Hat tip to Arnold Kling.)

Former UFC champ Tanner dead at 37

Tuesday, September 9th, 2008

Former UFC champ Tanner dead at 37:

Former Ultimate Fighting Championship middleweight champion Evan Tanner was found dead near Palo Verde, Calif. on Monday. He was 37.

Tanner had trekked into the desert on a journey to “cleanse” himself, according to Douglas Vincitorio of Tanner’s management team. “He went out to the desert to do a ‘cleansing’ as he called it. Kind of like ‘Survivorman.’” These short trips were not new to Tanner, said Vincitorio. It is something that he has done numerous times over the years.

“What we were told is that (Sheriff’s officials who found Tanner) believe his motorcycle had run out of gas, so he went to walk out in like 115- to 118-degree heat,” Vincitorio said. “He was miles away from his camp. That’s where the helicopter found him. Right now, they just think that he succumbed to the heat.”

How many vowels does English have?

Monday, September 8th, 2008

If you’re like most English-speakers, you’re an English-reader, and you think that English has five, sometimes six, vowels — a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y — because the English alphabet has five, sometimes six, vowels.

But if you look at how dictionaries “respell” English words for pronunciation, you quickly realize that English — even if we look only at a single dialect, like General American English — has many, many vowels — including not just monophthongs, or pure vowels, but diphthongs and triphthongs composed of multiple vowel sounds.

International Phonetic Alphabet Examples
æ pat, lad, cat, ran
e? pay, day
??r care, hair, there
?? father, palm
?r arm
? let, head
i? bee, see
? pit, city
a? pie, by, my
??r pier, near, here
? pot, not, wasp
o? toe, no
?? caught, paw, war
?? noise, boy
? took, put
??r tour
u? boot, soon, through
a? out, now
? cut, run, enough
?r urge, term, firm, word, heard, bird
? about, item, edible, gallop, circus
?r butter, winner
ju? pupil
ø, œ feu, oeuf (French), schön, zwölf (German)
y tu (French), über (German)
y?, ? bon (French)

Looking at all those crazy IPA spellings is enough to make you feel like a ghoti out of water.