Perhaps we should see the school-shooting epidemic as a slow-motion, ever-evolving riot:
What explains a person or a group of people doing things that seem at odds with who they are or what they think is right? Granovetter took riots as one of his main examples, because a riot is a case of destructive violence that involves a great number of otherwise quite normal people who would not usually be disposed to violence.
Most previous explanations had focussed on explaining how someone’s beliefs might be altered in the moment. An early theory was that a crowd cast a kind of intoxicating spell over its participants. Then the argument shifted to the idea that rioters might be rational actors: maybe at the moment a riot was beginning people changed their beliefs. They saw what was at stake and recalculated their estimations of the costs and benefits of taking part.
But Granovetter thought it was a mistake to focus on the decision-making processes of each rioter in isolation. In his view, a riot was not a collection of individuals, each of whom arrived independently at the decision to break windows. A riot was a social process, in which people did things in reaction to and in combination with those around them. Social processes are driven by our thresholds — which he defined as the number of people who need to be doing some activity before we agree to join them. In the elegant theoretical model Granovetter proposed, riots were started by people with a threshold of zero — instigators willing to throw a rock through a window at the slightest provocation. Then comes the person who will throw a rock if someone else goes first. He has a threshold of one. Next in is the person with the threshold of two. His qualms are overcome when he sees the instigator and the instigator’s accomplice. Next to him is someone with a threshold of three, who would never break windows and loot stores unless there were three people right in front of him who were already doing that — and so on up to the hundredth person, a righteous upstanding citizen who nonetheless could set his beliefs aside and grab a camera from the broken window of the electronics store if everyone around him was grabbing cameras from the electronics store.
Granovetter was most taken by the situations in which people did things for social reasons that went against everything they believed as individuals. “Most did not think it ‘right’ to commit illegal acts or even particularly want to do so,” he wrote, about the findings of a study of delinquent boys. “But group interaction was such that none could admit this without loss of status; in our terms, their threshold for stealing cars is low because daring masculine acts bring status, and reluctance to join, once others have, carries the high cost of being labeled a sissy.” You can’t just look at an individual’s norms and motives. You need to look at the group.
His argument has a second implication. We misleadingly use the word “copycat” to describe contagious behavior — implying that new participants in an epidemic act in a manner identical to the source of their infection. But rioters are not homogeneous. If a riot evolves as it spreads, starting with the hotheaded rock thrower and ending with the upstanding citizen, then rioters are a profoundly heterogeneous group.
Finally, Granovetter’s model suggests that riots are sometimes more than spontaneous outbursts. If they evolve, it means they have depth and length and a history. Granovetter thought that the threshold hypothesis could be used to describe everything from elections to strikes, and even matters as prosaic as how people decide it’s time to leave a party. He was writing in 1978, long before teen-age boys made a habit of wandering through their high schools with assault rifles. But what if the way to explain the school-shooting epidemic is to go back and use the Granovetterian model — to think of it as a slow-motion, ever-evolving riot, in which each new participant’s action makes sense in reaction to and in combination with those who came before?
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But the riot has now engulfed the boys who were once content to play with chemistry sets in the basement. The problem is not that there is an endless supply of deeply disturbed young men who are willing to contemplate horrific acts. It’s worse. It’s that young men no longer need to be deeply disturbed to contemplate horrific acts.
‘the riot has engulfed even boys who once were content to play chemistry sets in the basement’
But, hey, at least those evil old-school chemistry sets have been banned.
There’s plenty of overlap between this threshold model and the rational actor model. Plenty of people caught up in a riot, with many or most around them engaging in it, will decide in a moment to join in because fellow perpetrators don’t stand out as much as potential targets. They become part of the group, not enemies. That’s probably how I would view it. I’d try to look for a quick escape route first but, failing that, survival is priority one.
My acting that way will be influenced by exactly what I am caught up in. There’s a lot of room between a riot and the Holocaust. I like to think my morals would overcome my reason before I went too far down the line. But I don’t assume everyone has the same stops along the way.
Either way, the decision to join in for personal safety is an exceptionally rational decision. Much more rational than clinging to one’s moral beliefs without regard to circumstance, whatever they might be. Morals are awesome and we should all have them, with luck similar ones. Morals one sticks to in the clutch can be a spiritual anchor and certainly demonstrate a profound form of courage. But they aren’t the same as rational decision-making.
And that’s actually pretty closely related to the boys’ status problem that Granovetter cites. Or at least it’s the version of it that involves just a few seconds of conscious choice.
A larger implication is for society to stop assuming that we know what the moral beliefs of all our members might be or that they are being honestly described when asked for. Plenty of people will describe their moral thresholds falsely. Plenty of others may think they are being honest in describing them but haven’t given much thought to what conditions might change their outlook, or at least their actions.
And I’m not sure your average school shooter was always asked in advance what he thought was right or wrong. Why should we assume that they all thought it was wrong to kill people they disliked, but something changed their minds? Maybe they always thought it would be acceptable to do that. The threshold they passed may not have been moral so much as merely their max tolerance for whatever irritated them about their fellows.
In other words, why are we to blithely assume that every crime involves good people with the same morals as those doing the research, who suddenly adopted new morals? Maybe these were always their morals.