I was aware that Student, the mathematician who created what we now call Student’s t-distribution, was operating under a pseudonym, but I didn’t realize where he was working at the time and why he needed a pseudonym:
The derivation of the t-distribution was first published in 1908 by William Sealey Gosset, while he worked at a Guinness brewery in Dublin. He was not allowed to publish under his own name, so the paper was written under the pseudonym Student. The t-test and the associated theory became well-known through the work of R.A. Fisher, who called the distribution ‘Student’s distribution’.