From Landscape Architects: Deer Are Designing Future Look of Forests:
It’s deer-hunting season across the land — a time when Americans are reminded that bountiful whitetails have their costs. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety said earlier this month that animal-vehicle crashes, mostly involving deer, killed more than 200 people last year and caused an estimated $1 billion-plus in property damage. The U.S. Department of Agriculture says deer cause more than $400 million in yearly crop damage, not including home gardens and ornamental shrubbery.But below the radar of most people, whitetails have been eating their way toward a more lasting legacy: They are wreaking ecological havoc in forests across the nation. They have become de facto forest managers, determining today what many forests will look like 100 years from now, say forest experts.
‘Deer have stopped the regeneration of our forests in many areas,’ says Peter Pinchot, a Yale-educated director of the 1,400-acre Milford Experimental Forest on the Poconos Plateau in Pennsylvania. That means little trees aren’t growing up to eventually replace big trees.
A little history:
Gary Alt, Pennsylvania’s chief deer biologist, says that allowing deer to multiply beyond the point where forests can replenish themselves, “has been the biggest mistake in the history of wildlife management.” He calls it “malpractice.”Ironically, it was Mr. Pinchot’s grandfather, Gifford Pinchot, who helped bring back whitetail deer a century ago. As the first director of the U.S. Forest Service, he helped pioneer a conservation movement to save forests and restore species of birds and animals all but wiped out by commercial hunters. When he took over the job in 1898, the whitetail population was no more than 500,000 nationwide.
Pennsylvania had fewer than 600 deer. Restocking began in 1906 with deer brought in by rail from Wisconsin, Michigan and West Virginia. With hunting restrictions, the herd grew back quickly. By 1917, Pennsylvania was the too-many-deer poster boy. Hunters loved it. Foresters hated it. Today, Pennsylvania has an estimated 1.6 million whitetails.
“If Gifford Pinchot could see what deer have done to our forests, he’d roll over in his grave,” says Bryon P. Shissler, a wildlife biologist in Pennsylvania who consults on deer issues.
Nationally, whitetail population estimates range from 20 million to 33 million — more than when Columbus arrived five centuries ago, wildlife historians believe. That’s way too many deer to allow forests to regain their health and diversity, says Peter Pinchot.
This is so true:
Deer love exurbs, where forest meets garden, with no predators and delicious ornamental shrubbery.“They know where the safety zone is,” says Mr. Pinchot. Some studies show that in deep forest, coyotes and bears kill half the fawns, he says. But man has long been the deer’s chief predator. With exurban sprawl, a big threat now is likely to be the family SUV.