How hunger gnaws away at our human dignity

Tuesday, September 27th, 2005

In How hunger gnaws away at our human dignity, Dodie Bellamy reviews Sharman Apt Russell’s Hunger: An Unnatural History, which includes this historical tidbit:

Russell also revisits the notorious 1944 ‘Minnesota Experiment,’ headed by Dr. Ancel Keys (who developed K rations for the Army), which used Quakers and other conscientious objectors as ‘volunteers’ to lose 24 percent of their body weight. The experiment’s unsettling side effects included the rapid deterioration of each subject’s personality. Over months, cheerful men grew morose, flat, then bellicose, angry and just plain miserable. They weren’t allowed to eat food, so they went on shopping sprees instead, assembling junk-store collections of worthless tchotchkes, in a bizarre ritual of compensation.

Return of the King

Tuesday, September 27th, 2005

Return of the King notes that Peter Jackson has been publishing video “Production Diaries” of his work on King Kong at Kongisking.net.

It also notes that Peter Jackson has lost his hobbit-belly; he’s lost 70 pounds in the last year.

In addition to working on the movie directly, Jackson is building his movie-making empire:

He is also the sole overseer of a rapidly expanding movie empire. Wellywood, as it’s known to Jackson groupies, encompasses some 1,300 crew members, 7,500 cast members and extras, and hundreds of thousands of square feet of facilities, including soundstages, a motion-capture studio, a props and costume shop, and an antique airplane factory — all scattered across block after block of the Wellington suburbs. When you hire Jackson to direct a movie, Kamins says, “you’re making a deal with a biosphere. With a community.”

The centerpiece of Jackson’s empire is the Weta Workshop, the 65,000-square-foot facility on the site of a former water park outside Wellington. Named after a prehistoric cockroachlike insect indigenous to New Zealand, Weta is an umbrella company encompassing the workshop proper, the f/x shop, and a merchandise company. Lord of the Rings veteran Elijah Wood has called Weta Workshop “Willy Wonka’s chocolate factory, but without the candy.”

I was wondering what “Weta” meant…

Breaking a Taboo, High Fashion Starts Making Goods Overseas

Tuesday, September 27th, 2005

According to Breaking a Taboo, High Fashion Starts Making Goods Overseas, Italian craftsmanship has long held a certain mystique, but even luxury good production has moved to developing nations:

The ‘Made in Italy’ mystique dates back to the early 20th century when artisans throughout the Italian peninsula began exporting their products and know-how. Neapolitan shoemaker Salvatore Ferragamo was one of the first to venture abroad when he hand-stitched shoes for Jean Harlow, Douglas Fairbanks and other 1920s Hollywood stars. Florentine leather-goods maker Gucci soon followed suit.

After World War II, Italian craftsmen developed a second expertise. Using new ways to wash yarn, the key to high-quality knits, Italy soon surpassed Scotland as the world’s best knitwear producer. By the mid-1950s, the ‘Made in Italy’ label had developed unparalleled snob appeal around the world. Even French companies such as Louis Vuitton and Chanel transferred some production to Italy.

The first shift came during the 1990s luxury-goods boom. Some high-end fashion companies quietly began moving production of secondary, cheaper lines to Eastern Europe to help meet rising demand. Italian handbag maker Francesco Biasia, whose purses sell for between $350 and $500, started shifting production to China and Eastern Europe in the late 1990s. Creative Director Claudio Biasia says the company gambled on what it saw as shifting tastes. ‘Younger consumers don’t care where a product is made,’ he says. ‘They care about creativity.’

Scientists capture giant squid on camera

Tuesday, September 27th, 2005

Scientists capture giant squid on camera:

Japanese scientists have taken the first photographs of one of the most mysterious creatures in the deep ocean — the giant squid.

Until now the only information about the behavior of the creatures which measure up to 18 meters (59 feet) in length has been based on dead or dying squid washed up on shore or captured in commercial fishing nets.

But Tsunemi Kubodera, of the National Science Museum, and Kyoichi Mori of the Ogasawara Whale Watching Association, both in Tokyo have captured the first images of Architeuthis attacking bait 900 meters (yards) below the surface in the cold, dark waters of the North Pacific.

‘We show the first wild images of a giant squid in its natural environment,’ they said in a report on Wednesday in the journal Proceedings B of the Royal Society.

Little is known about the creatures because it has been so difficult to locate and study them alive. Large ships and specialist equipment, which is costly, are needed to study deep sea environments.

The Japanese scientists found the squid by following sperm whales, the most effective hunters of giant squid, as they gathered to feed between September and December in the deep waters off the coast of the Ogasawara Islands in the North Pacific.

They used a remote long-line camera and depth logging system to capture the giant squid in the ocean depths.

‘The most dramatic character of giant squids is the pair of extremely long tentacles, distinct from the eight shorter arms. The long tentacles make up to two-thirds of the length of the dead specimens to date,’ the scientists said in the journal.

They added that the giant squid appear to be a much more active predator than researchers had suspected and tangled their prey in their elongated feeding tentacles.

Heavy Metal Makes Lighter Planes

Tuesday, September 27th, 2005

From Heavy Metal Makes Lighter Planes:

Qantas engineer Ian Salmon tested wing sections covered with a piezoelectric material that vibrates when a current is applied to it. When the tone of the sound was at its most effective pitch, Salmon’s wing panel achieved 22 percent more lift than it would have without the piezoelectric hum.

[...]

It’s all about changing the air flow from an unstable laminar flow to a turbulent flow that increases lift, Cummings said. The vibrations change the way the air behaves when it starts to break away from the wing’s surface, sucking it closer.

20:20 vision

Tuesday, September 27th, 2005

20:20 vision presents a long list of geniuses who died young:

Keats added to art’s martyrology by dying at 25. Shelley lasted until he was 29 when, recklessly eager for extinction, he drowned in a storm off the Italian coast. Byron, having reached decrepitude at 36, pointlessly perished during a chivalric escapade in the Greek war of independence.

Romantic writers worked with an almost crazed acceleration, aware that maturity was a death sentence. Georg Buchner, battling meningitis and depression while fending off political persecution, revolutionised dramatic form in plays like Danton’s Death (written in five weeks) and Wozzeck (part of the Barbican’s Young Genius season), which he hadn’t quite finished when he died of typhus in 1837, aged 23.

Pushkin single-handedly invented Russian literature, then died in the same year as Buchner in an inane duel; he was 38, and had disgraced himself by outliving his self-destructive idol, Byron. Baudelaire paid tribute to the artist’s stubborn refusal to accept inexorable time: genius, he said, was childhood recovered at will (and with the aid, although he didn’t say so, of hashish).

[...]

A Lancashire lad called Jeremiah Horrocks noticed errors in the calculations of planetary orbits while he was still a teenager, and correctly calculated the transit of Venus. Horrocks published his findings in 1639, and died suddenly two years later; he was 22.

In 1832 Evariste Galois challenged an acquaintance to a duel in order to avenge a woman’s honour. The night before the meeting, he sat up to record his mathematical testament, a prophetic exposition of abstract algebra. In those few hours, he invented what we call group theory. Galois was killed the next morning. As peritonitis from his wound wracked him, he said to his brother: ‘Don’t cry. It takes all my courage to die at 20.’

Males, Females, and College

Tuesday, September 27th, 2005

In Males, Females, and College, Arnold Kling cites this stat: “Currently, 135 women receive bachelor’s degrees for every 100 men.”

He then shares the distribution of AP scores of the guys and girls in his econ class:

Note that the mean is the same, but the variance is higher for males. There is some evidence, alluded to by the infamous Larry Summers, that such a pattern is true more generally. That is, men [are] more represented at the top and the bottom of distributions of ability.

My guess is that as of 1960, two things reduced the proportion of women in colleges. One was overt discrimination. A second was that much less than half of the population went to college, so that colleges selected more from the top of the distribution.

Leaving aside overt discrimination (although it really was an important factor), imagine that the rule in 1960 was for a college to accept everyone in my class who scored a 4 or better on the AP. Then 2 out of the three students would have been male. Suppose that today the rule is to accept everyone who scored a 3 or better on the AP. Then 5 out of 8 would be female.

My guess is that these numbers have really changed the mating game in college. When I was in college, girls could be choosy and a lot of guys wound up lonely. I think it’s the other way around today.

Because social life is such an important issue for students, I wonder if they won’t find a way to re-equilibrate the situation.

Armed and dangerous – Flipper the firing dolphin let loose by Katrina

Tuesday, September 27th, 2005

From Armed and dangerous – Flipper the firing dolphin let loose by Katrina:

It may be the oddest tale to emerge from the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Armed dolphins, trained by the US military to shoot terrorists and pinpoint spies underwater, may be missing in the Gulf of Mexico.

Experts who have studied the US navy’s cetacean training exercises claim the 36 mammals could be carrying ‘toxic dart’ guns. Divers and surfers risk attack, they claim, from a species considered to be among the planet’s smartest. The US navy admits it has been training dolphins for military purposes, but has refused to confirm that any are missing.

[...]

The navy launched the classified Cetacean Intelligence Mission in San Diego in 1989, where dolphins, fitted with harnesses and small electrodes planted under their skin, were taught to patrol and protect Trident submarines in harbour and stationary warships at sea.

“All I want are frickin’ sharks with frickin’ lasers on their foreheads.”

Keith Ferrazzi, Home Depot, and the Blue Dot

Sunday, September 25th, 2005

Last week I noted that “Keith Ferrazzi, author of Never Eat Alone, sounds unbearable.” That was after reading an article about him, which described him as juggling multiple cell phones and multiple PDAs. I don’t want to be anywhere near that guy — especially while waiting for my flight.

I’ve now seen him talk, and I can say that he is in fact…an engaging public speaker.

But this is what engaged my curiosity. After his talk, we were told that Home Depot — long story; they’re not connected to Ferrazzi — had sponsored the event and they were providing copies of Never Eat Alone — for some of us.

If you had a blue dot on the back of your program, you got a copy. If you didn’t, you stared longingly at the pile of crisp new books.

And that’s what we did: stare longingly at the pile of crisp new books. Everyone desparately wanted a book. That’s the power of artificial scarcity.

Christopher Hitchens

Sunday, September 25th, 2005

Real Time with Bill Maher has become rather dull, with few strong conservative guests and no conservative presence in the audience. Everyone simply agrees that Bush is an idiot and feels no need to present any evidence.

A few days ago though, Maher invited on former-socialist Christopher Hitchens, now a supporter of the war in Iraq.

From The Passion of Christopher Hitchens:

What tempers the furor over Hitchens is the recognition that he has not really become a soldier for the right. Browsing through his ample writings during the first quarter of 2005, one finds, alongside support for the war in Iraq, a variety of opinions that many American leftists would applaud: a slap at the late Pope John Paul II for “saying that condoms are worse than AIDS,” praise for John Brown as a prophet “who anticipated the Emancipation Proclamation and all that has ensued from it,” and a tribute to Tom Paine as “our unacknowledged founding father … the moral and intellectual author of the Declaration of Independence.” Hitchens also continues to oppose the death penalty and to advocate putting Henry Kissinger on trial as a war criminal.

Hitchens was clearly the best-read member of the Real Time panel. No one knew how to react when he matter-of-factly pointed out that America’s conflict with Islam goes back to the Barbary pirates, who enslaved American sailors as infidels.

Dutch Court Fight Lays Bare Reality Of Kidnap Industry

Sunday, September 25th, 2005

According to Dutch Court Fight Lays Bare Reality Of Kidnap Industry, kidnappings are big business — although no one wants to admit it:

From Iraq to Chechnya to China, the kidnap industry is booming. According to companies that offer ransom insurance and groups that track the problem, kidnapping generates hundreds of millions of dollars a year, enriching criminal gangs and helping fuel armed insurgencies. In almost all cases, for fear of encouraging the practice, governments and companies that pay ransoms deny cooperating with kidnap groups.

In Mr. Erkel’s case, this script has unraveled. In an unusually public spat, the Dutch Foreign Ministry has gone to court in Geneva to try and force the Swiss branch of Médecins Sans Frontières, or MSF, to pay back the money it says was used to purchase Mr. Erkel’s freedom — plus 9.2% interest. Documents in that case, which was filed in June 2004, plus numerous interviews in Europe and Russia, lift the veil on the kinds of shadowy negotiations often held between kidnappers, intermediaries and victims’ governments, employers and families.

European countries, in particular, often bend their no-ransom pledges, according to many people who work in this field. A string of French and Italian hostages were freed in Iraq earlier this year and few experts believe government denials that ransoms were paid. The U.S. government sticks to its stated policy of not paying. American companies and individuals, however, often cough up through intermediaries hired by insurance companies, says Greg Bangs, a specialist in kidnap and ransom policies for Chubb & Son, an insurance company.

The practice is buoyed by the tangled relationships in many parts of the world between kidnap gangs and the local law-enforcement agencies ostensibly charged with capturing them. In June, the Kremlin-backed president of Chechnya, Alu Alkhanov, told reporters that Russian forces were responsible for as much as 10% of the reported kidnappings in the region — though he said the practice was legal because they were detaining suspected insurgents. Human-rights groups say families often pay Russian troops to secure the release of an arrested relative. The local police chief investigating the Erkel case says a portion of ransom payments often ends up in the pockets of security officials.

Vaccines That Keep Salmon Safe to Eat May Help Humans

Sunday, September 25th, 2005

By translating viruses from RNA to DNA, scientist have developed effective vaccines — for fish. From Vaccines That Keep Salmon Safe to Eat May Help Humans:

The domesticated fish are Atlantic salmon, favored by farmers for their docile temperament and fast growth — qualities that make them the Hereford cattle of aquaculture. But unlike indigenous types, the transplanted species have little natural resistance to the local virus, which causes fatal hemorrhaging, and can contract it from the wild fish swimming past their pens.

In mid-2001, a destructive epizootic, the animal equivalent of an epidemic, struck, sickening Atlantic salmon in 36 farms over a two-year period. In some pens, more than 90% of the young fish succumbed.

[...]

The large loss of fish spurred new efforts to develop a vaccine against the virus, which causes the untreatable disease called Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis, or IHN. This time, scientists tried arming the immune system using a snippet of viral genetic code translated into DNA, rather than a traditional approach, such as culturing a weakened IHN virus.

In detail:

Scientists at Aqua Health, a unit of Novartis in Prince Edward Island, Canada, solved the problems of potency and mass production. They took advantage of work by Ottawa scientists, who put a gene for a protein that covers the IHN virus in a ring of DNA, or plasmid, which some bacteria use to share genetic code. A single shot of vaccine behind the salmon’s dorsal fin contains 10 micrograms of these DNA rings.

Plasmids make their way into muscle cells, much as infecting viruses do, where they spur the cells’ protein-making machinery to pump out copies of the viral protein. By tricking these cells to make telltale proteins of a virus, the DNA-based vaccines better mimic infections and so can confer greater protection.

Like salmon swimming upstream, the viral protein produced by the fish cells migrates into the bloodstream. The fish gird for battle by producing antibodies and preparing white blood cells to fight the virus, a response traditional vaccines barely stimulate. After a few months, the muscle cells containing the plasmids die — as normal muscle cells would — so fish vaccinated as youngsters carry virtually no traces of vaccine except their immunological armor.

NerdTV #3: Bill Joy

Saturday, September 24th, 2005

The third episode of NerdTV interviews Bill Joy, formerly of Sun, who is now designing a large sailboat:

Well it’s an attempt to be, in doing integrated systems design the idea is that a modest number of people living on a sailboat — you know a larger sailboat — is something say more than 100 feet long. Looks like a little island. You have a crew, six, ten crew, five, ten guests. You know ten to 20 people. You’re in a salt water environment and so you have to make fresh water and you have to heat it and keep the place cool and move yourself around and cook and clean and do sewage clean up and pump the bilge and not put oil overboard and create power and not have too much emissions and try to be quiet and not too noisy living right next to your power generation, sewage and all the other treatment plants. So it’s like an island. And so it’s an opportunity to study energy efficiency looking at all the kinds of technology that are available. So for example, if you want to move it around rather than just getting a bigger engine try to figure out a way to make it move with less power and quieter. And rather than putting a big air conditioner try to use better insulation because if you put in a bigger air conditioner you gotta have a bigger generator to run it and bigger fuel tanks to power it.

So you start to see the balance between insulation and so on. And so we started this project about a year ago and looked at all the advanced technologies, looked for insulation, windows, heating, cooling, secondary heat recovery fuel cells, bio-medic ideas in propulsion, aerodynamics, plastic teak decking instead of real teak to try and minimize maintenance, lower more energy efficient water making. So basically a survey on the consumption side because really it’s not a factory for much of anything but on the consumption side and the utility side like a water treatment or water making plant, a sewage plant, an electrical plant looking at all those sets of technologies and how they can be done in a more integrated and energy efficient way. So that’s been a pretty big project and we’re almost complete with the design.

NerdTV #2: Max Levchin

Saturday, September 24th, 2005

The second episode of NerdTV interviews Max Levchin, co-founder of ebay, after his third all-nighter of the week:

I think there’s something very special about the all nighter ethic, and some people dig it, some people don’t. So it definitely varies per person. There’s definitely something about the nocturnal lifestyle for engineers specifically that really opens up the chakras of creativity or code writing. And people get slightly sillier, but also maybe a little bit more creative. And they get tired and there’s some spirit and camaraderie that wakes up in those hours, and you get more done because you’re not afraid to tell people to shove it when they’re doing something wrong, and the interactions become more interesting.

But also I think there’s this massive value that you harness when you’re doing an all nighter where you’ve gone for presumably 7 or 8 hours of work and you’re really getting up to a point where something’s about to be born, and then you go for 8 more hours. And instead of stopping to go to sleep and let some of these ideas dissipate, you actually focus on the findings you’ve made in the last few hours and you just go crazy and do some more of that.

There’s definitely a downside, because as you get more and more tired your effective IQ probably drops some. And so you have to start being more careful. But if you’ve been around the block enough times you do things like mutual code reviews and you look at what you’ve done and make sure people are sane about it.

Iraq and the Police Principle

Saturday, September 24th, 2005

In Iraq and the Police Principle, Nathan Smith examines the “world policeman” analogy:

While the notion of America as ‘world policeman’ is often mocked, to understand the principles by which a police force maintains order in a city is essential to good foreign policy.

A police force must (1) be (and be known to be) stronger than anyone else in the city, and (2) operate according to the law, i.e. by a set of well-defined and public rules and procedures. If these conditions hold, citizens live under a generalized credible threat that illegal behavior will be punished. Prosecuting a crime is costly — to the taxpayer who pays cops’, judges’ and wardens’ salaries, to the criminal who loses his freedom or his life, and to the occasional innocent who is convicted by mistake — and does not right the wrong — murder victims cannot be revived, rape cannot be reversed. But the prosecution signals to other potential criminals that obeying the law is in their interest, and society benefits from the crimes that are not committed (or even contemplated) for fear of the police. In the same way, a judicious use of military force can establish a generalized credible threat against potential aggressors or murderous tyrants, thus amplifying the returns, in peace and freedom, to the occasional intervention.

The first Gulf War is a shining example of foreign policy that exploits the police principle. In expelling Saddam’s forces from Kuwait, we applied overwhelming force against one aggressor, and in the process established a generalized credible threat that overwhelming force would be, or at least was likely to be, used against aggressors elsewhere.

The threat was credible not only because we won the war handily — everyone (but Saddam) knew we would do that, once we started — but because air power enabled us to do it with few casualties, which made it more likely that we would be willing to do it again.

The threat was generalized because our intervention had the firm backing of international law. International law is conceptually problematic and morally inadequate: it habitually legitimizes dictators while often denying democracies the means to defend themselves. (The Israelis ignore it to survive.) But it is an efficient tool for defining thresholds of acceptable behavior.